Comments to clinical guidelines “Iodine deficiency disorders and diseases”

The Letter to Editor presents an analysis of some sections of the clinical guidelines «Diseases and conditions associated with iodine deficiency» published in No. 3 of the journal «Problems of Endocrinology» for 2021. In particular, the discussion deals with the coding of thyroid diseases according to ICD-10, depending on the iodine status of the population of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as issues of diagnosis and treatment, such as «verification» of goiter detected by palpation, or treatment of the vast majority of children, adolescents and adults with potassium iodide. The obstacles to the epidemiological assessment of the iodine status of the population when examining schoolchildren are discussed separately, in connection with the introduction in 2020 of the new regulation, which requires the mandatory use of iodized salt for cooking in school canteens throughout the country.

Iodine Fractions in Soil and Their Determination

Iodine is an essential micronutrient for most living beings, including humans. Despite efforts through various iodine deficiency disorders elimination programs, such as salt iodization, this problem still persists. Sub-clinical deficiencies have often an endemic character, and they are characteristic to certain areas, where iodine is low or inaccessible in the geochemical environment. Thus, the monitoring of iodine speciation and fractionation—especially in soil, drinking water, and food—is needed. Therefore, the aim of this work is to review the iodine distribution in most common soil fractions which relate to its bioavailability; and briefly summarize the available methods for their identification in the environmental matrices as well.

Insufficient Iodine Level in Urine among Children of a Secondary School: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Iodine deficiency disorders are common endocrinopathies in Nepal. Children are at risk for iodine deficiency disorders. Irreversible mental retardation and brain damage in children are the devastating disorders lead by iodine deficiency. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of insufficient iodine level among the children of a secondary school. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in urine from April 2019 to July 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from Nepal Health Research Council (Registration number: 802/2018). Forty-six urine samples were collected from school children for iodine estimation. Convenience sampling was done. Data were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Science version 21 and descriptive analyses were done. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Among the 46 students, majority 36 (78.30%) (95% Confidence Interval= 66.30-90.21) of the school children had insufficient urine iodine level. Among 36 salt samples collected from school children with low urine iodine level, 8 (22.2%) salt samples had iodine less than 15ppm. Conclusions: Iodine estimation revealed a very high percentage of urine samples containing insufficient levels of iodine is similar as compared to studies done in similar settings. Hence, the school children were at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency disorders prevention programs should be priority intervention based on available evidence.

Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

Progress towards elimination of IDD in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a KAP survey of iodized salt consumption

It has been recognized for a number of years that iodine deficiency disorders constitute a health problem in the Islamic Republic of Iran. A programme for the prevention of such disorders was established in 1989 and intensive efforts have been made to overcome obstacles hindering its implementation. This study investigates the difficulties encountered, common factors behind the prevalence of iodine deficiency, the progress made in combating it and the results of a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the need to consume iodized salt. The final part of the study presents general conclusions and recommendations which may be of use to countries facing a similar problem in the field of health and nutrition

Possible effects of iodized salts on the taste, colour and consistency of traditional pickles

A national survey was conducted in Jordan in 1991 to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. A sample of 2679 children aged 8-10 years was screened and the results revealed that 37.7% of the study sample were suffering from iodine deficiency disorders. Iodization of salt is the preferred approach for supplementation. The present study was conducted to identify the effect of iodized salt on the colour, taste and consistency of traditionally prepared pickles. It was concluded that iodized salt has no effect on any of the sensory characteristics of traditionally prepared pickles

Clinical practice guidelines “Management of iodine deficiency disorders”

Iodine deficiency disorders is a sweeping term that includes structural and functional impairment of the thyroid gland.These clinical guidelines include algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of euthyroid goiter and nodular/ multinodular goiter in adults and children. In addition, these clinical guidelines contain information on methods for an adequate epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency disorders using such markers as the percentage of goiter in schoolchildren, the median urinary iodine concentration, the level of neonatal TSH, the median thyroglobulin in children and adults. As well from these clinical guidelines, you can get to know the main methods and groups of epidemiological studies of iodine deficiency disorders.

Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To investigate the present occurrence of stunting and explore the role of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) as a predictor of stunting among primary school children in the Aseer Region. Methods: In a cross-sectional investigation on school children in the Aseer region, thyroid enlargement was evaluated clinically. Urine was collected to evaluate iodine content. Results: The present study involved 3046 school-age pupils. The study disclosed a total goiter rate of 24.0% (95% CI: 22.5–25.5%). The median urinary iodine content (UIC) was 17.0 µg/L. A prevalence of stunting (height for age z score of less than −2) of 7.8% (95% CI: 6.9–8.8%) was found. In a logistic regression model, pupils having clinical goiter (aOR = 1.739; 95% CI: 1.222–2.475) and students having UIC of less than 17 µg/L (aOR = 1.934; 95% CI: 1.457–2.571) were considerably related with stunting. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, urinary iodine content to forecast stunting was good (AUC = 0.611, 95% CI: 0.594–0.629). The curve recognized the optimum cutoff point of urinary iodine content to be ≤19.0 µg/L. The sensitivity was 59.66% (95% CI: 53.1–66.0) and the specificity was 57.62% (95% CI: 55.8–59.5). Conclusion: The present study showed that stunting among school-aged children presents a mild public health problem. On the other hand, a severe iodine deficiency situation was revealed among school children in the Aseer region. Continuous monitoring of iodine status among school children is therefore necessary. Concerted interventions that blend nutrition-sensitive with nutrition-specific approaches are expected to influence decreasing stunting significantly.

Pemanfaatan Tepung Rumput Laut Gracilaria sp. pada Tempe sebagai Alternatif Pangan Sumber Yodium

Tempe merupakan produk pangan bergizi tinggi yang digemari dan diterima oleh masyarakat luas tetapi umumnya memiliki kadar yodium yang rendah. Rumput laut yang kandungan yodiumnya cukup tinggi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan fortifikasi yodium pada makanan. Penambahan rumput laut pada tempe diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif pangan sumber yodium untuk menanggulangi masalah GAKY (Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Yodium). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan tepung rumput laut Gracilaria sp. terhadap kadar yodium pada tempe serta mengetahui karakteristik yang dihasilkan. Perlakuan yang dilakukan adalah perbandingan kedelai dan tepung rumput laut 100:0; 97,5:2,5; 95:5; 92,5:7,5; dan 90:10. Perbandingan kedelai dan tepung rumput laut 92,5:7,5 merupakan komposisi terbaik yang menghasilkan tempe dengan kadar yodium 0,26 mg/g; nilai sensoris hedonik rata-rata 5 (agak suka), serta 100 gram tempe tersebut memenuhi 17,47% angka kecukupan gizi (AKG) yodium orang dewasa per hari. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa tempe tersebut dapat digolongkan sebagai pangan sumber yodium karena telah memenuhi 15% AKG orang dewasa.ABSTRACTTempeh is a highly nutritious food that is popular and accepted by diverse community groups but has low iodine levels. Seaweed, with a high iodine content can be used as a fortification ingredient to increase the iodine levels of the foods. The addition of seaweed in tempeh is expected to be used as an alternative food source of iodine contents to overcome the IDD (Iodine Deficiency Disorders) problem. This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of Gracilaria sp. seaweed flour to iodine levels in tempeh and to determine the characteristic of the product. The treatments were 5 (five) compositions of soybean and seaweed flour, in the ratio of (100:0), (97.5:2.5), (95:5), (92.5:7.5), and (90:10). The composition of soybean and seaweed flour in the ratio of 92.5:7.5 was the best composition that produces tempeh with an iodine content of 0.26 mg/g; hedonic sensory test results on average 5 (somewhat like) and 100 g of tempeh met 17.47% of the daily iodine requirements for the adults. This study showed that tempeh can be considered as an alternative food source of iodine content as it contributed to 15% of adult’s daily nutritional adequacy.