scholarly journals Soviet Planning: What and Why Is Relevant in the XXI Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Andrei I. Kolganov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Post War ◽  
Soviet Planning

Planning has become widespread in countries with different socio-economic systems. At the same time, both the evaluation of the results of using planned methods and these planned methods themselves have significant differences. They depend both on the features of the socio-economic systems in which planning was applied, and on the tasks that it solved. To study these dependencies, it is useful to turn to the experience of planning in the USSR, which demonstrates different options for using planning methods. During the years of the new economic policy, planning functioned in the conditions of a broad development of market and capitalist relations. Therefore, the planning methods were adapted to the market conditions. The planning itself was mainly indicative, and the achievement of planned results was built by influencing the economic interests of economic entities. Therefore, it is possible to find a significant similarity in the model of Soviet planning during the years of the new economic policy and those planning methods that were used in the post-war period in Europe, Japan, and then in the new industrial countries. The model of directive planning, which was developed in the USSR in the 1930s of the twentieth century, provided both certain advantages in the development of the economy (the mobilization and concentration of significant masses of resources for deep structural changes in the economy, the implementation of large scientific, technical and social projects), and was burdened with serious contradictions. The Soviet model of directive planning did not have effective institutions that expressed the economic interests of enterprises and their collectives, did not create incentives for technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, and ultimately led to the predominance of the interests of the top government departments. To prevent the development of such contradictions, one-sided reflection of the interests of narrow social groups, the planned system should be built on democratic grounds.

‘A Party for Owners or a Party for Earners?’ How far did the British Conservative Party Really Change After 1945?

1987 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ramsden
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Characteristic Mode ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Electoral Defeat ◽  
Post War ◽  
Looking Back

THE period spent in opposition between 1945 and 1951 has generally been thought of as a key to the understanding of the activities of the post-war British Conservative Party. Autobiographies of the Party leaders of the time began to appear at the end of the Fifties, already looking back to a period in which the Conservatives had decisively changed their approach. So for example, Lord Woolton's Memoirs reviewed not only a term as Party Chairman which had been a highlight of his own crowded career, but also his sharing in a major act of transformation, a transformation that had led on to Conservative success since 1951: ‘the change was revolutionary’. Other key figures in the organisation reached similar conclusions as their own accounts appeared: David Maxwell-Fyfe argued that the new Party rules which he had drawn up had not only decisively widened the political base of British Conservatism, but that events since had confirmed the importance of the change. R. A. Butler's account of The Art of the Possible argued in 1971 that ‘the overwhelming electoral defeat of 1945 shook the Conservative Party out of its lethargy and impelled it to re-think its philosophy and re-form its ranks with a thoroughness unmatched for a century’. The effect was to bring both the policies of the Party and ‘their characteristic mode of expression’, as he puts it, ‘up to date’. As recently as 1978, Reginald Maudling—a key figure behind the scenes in 1945–51 as a speechwriter from Eden and Churchill and as the organising secretary of the committee which produced the Industrial Charter of 1947—reached much the same view: ‘We were at that time developing a new economic policy for the Conservative Party … It marked a substantially different approach for post-war Conservative philosophy.

scholarly journals State tax policy in Ukraine: historical and legal aspect (based on the example of the XX century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Г. Л. Гуфман
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
General Level ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Moment

The scientific article is focused on the research of conceptual bases of public policy in Ukraine in the XX century in the historian legal discovery. The author has established that a financial and tax system, from the moment of declaration of the Soviet power in the territory of Ukraine, underwent serious transformation, the economic policy was directed to maintenance and strengthening of the power, preservation of an economic mechanism and creating favorable conditions for economic recovery. And the economic program is proclaimed still the Bolshevist power provided: Establishment of the progressive income tax; to cancellation of indirect taxes on necessities; establishment of high taxes on luxury goods. At the first stages of the XX century no new types of tax were established, behind an exception the expansion of the bases of application of penalties and only in 1917 it was indicated the need of legal collection of the taxes imposed by provisional government. It defined that the new economic policy was proclaimed for the purpose of restoration of commodity economy, revival of almost cancelled monetary taxes, from the ideas to a central and their principles of decentralization and partial denationalization. However, discrepancy of the made tax decisions, which took root on general level, turned out to be consequence strengthening of planned methods and mediate in administrative control, which constantly amplified arbitrariness from the state. The attention has been focused on the fact that post-war years of the government budget was subordinated to the solution of the major task to mitigation of consequences of war and restoration of the destroyed economy of the country. Growth of receipts in the budget in the form of tax from a turn and assignments from the profit of the restored industrial enterprises allowed to lower taxes on the population a few. Since January 1, 1946 a war tax was cancelled, and since September of the same year the free minimum for workers and employees was raised. The author has reasonably introduced the need for the periodization of the formation of the public tax policy, which is offered for considering through a prism of division into six main stages.

Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage

2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soviet Experience

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

The Experience of Industrialization under NEPand Its Application in the Current Conditions

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-135
Author(s):  
Y. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Domestic Capital

The article refutes popular belief about the necessity to abolish the New Economic Policy (NEP) of the 1920s for the purpose of industrialization. It is shown that it started successfully under NEP although due to a number of reasons the efficiency of the investments was low. The abolishment of NEP was caused not by the necessity to accelerate the industrialization but by the wrong policy towards the agriculture that stopped the development of farms. The article analyzes the discussion about possible rates of the domestic capital formation. In the course of this discussion, the sensible approach to finding the optimal size of investments depending on their efficiency was offered. This approach is still relevant today.

The perspective planning under NEP

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Yury M. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Perspective Planning ◽  
Sharp Criticism

The article reviews the implementation of the perspective planning in the USSR during the period of the New Economic Policy — NEP, from methodological discussions to the development of five-year plans — sectoral and for the entire national economy. The article analyzes the discussion of the proposal of the first five-year plan submitted by S. Strumilin at the congress of planning bodies in March, 1927. It is shown that the sharp criticism of this plan for being imbalanced by the leading economists of the country, in particular, V. Bazarov and N. Kondratiev, is valid. The author points out the influence of political factors on the planning process. The popular cliche that the forced industrialization in the five-year plan was necessary to prepare for the war is refuted.

Russia in the XXI century: a request for a new economic policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Khasbulatov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Position

The author examines Russia’s economic position in the world in the XXI century, China’s economic and political infl uence on other countries, and analyzes the economy of the European Union, classifi es the experience of Western Europe as the most successful, while taking into account miscalculations and mistakes.

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