scholarly journals The scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) assemblages of a wildfire-affected hemiboreal old-growth forest in Tyresta (Sweden)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Durska ◽  
James Bonet ◽  
Bert Viklund
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Disturbance Factor

In natural forests, fire is an important disturbance factor and many studies have been carried out concerning its effect on different ecosystems, but no studies have previously been done considering the scuttle flies in hemiboreal forests. Here, we carried out an ecological investigation of the scuttle fly assemblage in a hemiboreal old-growth forest in Tyresta National Park and Nature Reserve (Sweden) from material collected, using Malaise traps, after wildfires in 1997 and 1999. We evaluated abundances of species, dominance structure, species richness (by non-parametric species richness method — Chao 1) as well as phenology. The most abundant species of the dominant group (i.e. Megaselia pleuralis, M. nigriceps, M pulicaria-complex and M. brevicostalis) are multivoltine and saprophagous, displaying spring and late summer/autumn activity.

scholarly journals The scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) assemblages of pine plantations of the Biała Forest (Poland)

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Durska
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Characteristic Species ◽  
Structure Similarity ◽  
Disturbed Habitats

Scuttle fly diversity in disturbed habitats was evaluated on plots in pine plantations of Poland’s Biała Forest. The assemblages present in the two years were assessed for the abundance of species, dominance structure, similarity and species richness, as well as in regard to indices of species diversity, evenness and fidelity. Megaselia brevicostalis was the first dominant on each of the three plots and in both study years. The number of species and their abundance was greatest on the turn of August and September. Most of the dominants and characteristic species are multivoltine, showing spring and late summer/autumn activity.

scholarly journals Species Association of the Dominant Tree Species in an Old-Growth Forest and Implications for Enrichment Planting for the Restoration of Natural Degraded Forest in Subtropical China

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu ◽  
Zhu ◽  
Wang ◽  
Ma ◽  
Meng
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Species Association ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Enrichment Planting ◽  
Adult Trees

Subtropical natural forests are unique due to their ecological and economic functions. However, most of these forests are highly degraded, which impairs the ability to provide ecological and economic benefits. Enrichment planting is an important approach to restore natural degraded forests. Species arrangement is of great importance to inform enrichment planting. Species association refers to the interrelationship of different species occupying a habitat and is a static description of the organic connection formed by the interaction of species. Species association, therefore, provides a scientific basis for species arrangement in enrichment planting. Additionally, because an old-growth forest is a climax community that has attained great age without significant disturbance, the species association in an old-growth forest can provide valuable information on the reference conditions for forest management. In this study, the species association between dominant tree species (including saplings and adult trees) was investigated in an old-growth forest in the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang province in subtropical China. The objective of the study was to inform species arrangement for enrichment planting. The result showed that the overall species association exhibited a significant net positive association, indicating a dynamic balance of stable structure and species composition in the old-growth forest. Additionally, the pairwise species association was examined using the χ2 test, the Dice index, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient; significant positive and negative pairwise species associations were detected. Based on the species association and the light requirements of the tree species, an optimal species arrangement was determined to support enrichment planting for restoring natural degraded forests. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to the restoration of natural degraded forests in subtropical China.

scholarly journals Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaau3114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danaë M. A. Rozendaal ◽  
Frans Bongers ◽  
T. Mitchell Aide ◽  
Esteban Alvarez-Dávila ◽  
Nataly Ascarrunz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Rarefaction Analysis ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Dual Strategy ◽  
Tropical Landscapes

Old-growth tropical forests harbor an immense diversity of tree species but are rapidly being cleared, while secondary forests that regrow on abandoned agricultural lands increase in extent. We assess how tree species richness and composition recover during secondary succession across gradients in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance in an unprecedented multisite analysis for the Neotropics. Secondary forests recover remarkably fast in species richness but slowly in species composition. Secondary forests take a median time of five decades to recover the species richness of old-growth forest (80% recovery after 20 years) based on rarefaction analysis. Full recovery of species composition takes centuries (only 34% recovery after 20 years). A dual strategy that maintains both old-growth forests and species-rich secondary forests is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes.

Relations between tree canopy composition and understorey vegetation in a European beech-sessile oak old growth forest in Western Romania

Biologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Dölle ◽  
Any Mary Petritan ◽  
Iovu Adrian Biris ◽  
Ion Catalin Petritan
Keyword(s):  
European Beech ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Herb Layer ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Understorey Vegetation ◽  
Sessile Oak ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Western Romania

AbstractThe diversity relationship between tree and herb layer has often been investigated, but the results are contradictory. Moreover, few studies of deciduous European species have been conducted to date in natural or near-natural forests, while such studies in old-growth forest with considerable co-dominance of oak are missing.In one of the best preserved natural European beech-sessile oak forests (Runcu-Grosi Natural Reserve, Western Romania) we investigated whether there is a correlation between canopy-layer diversity and herb-layer diversity. Structural diversity, vegetation composition, ecological and functional traits were evaluated. Our results show that the herb-layer diversity is higher under canopy with greater tree-layer diversity, and the diversity of both layers depend on whether the overstorey is dominated by beech or sessile oak. Herb layers of plots with oak co-dominance showed higher indicator values for light and temperature, and a higher proportion of graminoides and shrub species. In contrast, herb-layer in beech plots is dominated by juvenile trees, mainly beech and competitive herb species. Oak plots are characterised by a generally more evenly distributed herb-layer composition. Species richness of herb-layer was higher under a diversely structured overstorey, which was mainly achieved when oak was present in the canopy, and correlated negatively with litter thickness, which was highest in beech plots. We conclude that the identity of the dominant canopy species is most important for herb layer species composition and diversity. Furthermore, the plots with oak occurrence in the overstorey even with weak proportion (around 20% of stand basal area) features a higher biodiversity of species in the understorey.

Gap disturbance regime in an old-growth Fagus–Abies forest in the Dinaric Mountains, Bosnia-Herzegovina

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2728-2737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Nagel ◽  
Miroslav Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Abies Alba ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Disturbance Regime ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Dinaric Mountains ◽  
Gap Disturbance

Due to the scarcity of old-growth forests in much of Europe, there is little quantitative information on disturbance processes that influence forest dynamics. However, this information is crucial for forest management that tries to emulate patterns and processes in natural forests. We quantified the gap disturbance regime in an old-growth forest dominated by European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir ( Abies alba Miller) in the Dinaric Mountains of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We sampled 87 gaps in four stands using line-intercept sampling. The percentages of forest area in canopy gaps and expanded gaps ranged from 12% to 17.2% and 35.5% to 39.7%, respectively. Although many of the gaps were small (<100 m2) and formed from a single gapmaker, large canopy openings >1000 m2 with numerous gapmakers made up a disproportionate amount of the total gap area. More than half the gaps had more than one gapmaker and were often in separate decay classes, indicating gaps had expanded over time during separate disturbance events. Furthermore, 51% of all gapmakers were uprooted or wind-snapped, whereas only 22% died standing. These results suggest that wind disturbance plays an important role in creating intermediate to large canopy openings through both gap formation and gap expansion processes.

Riparian bryophyte vegetation in the Cascade mountain range, Northwest U.S.A.: patterns at different spatial scales

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 744-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt Gunnar Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Stream Size

Riparian forests are productive and species rich ecosystems where the vegetation is structured by sharp environmental gradients. The study describes community patterns of bryophytes in stream-side forests, relates these patterns to major environmental gradients, and compares within-site factors with site level variables. Samples were collected from 360 plots 2 × 4 m in size distributed among 42 sites in old-growth Pseudotsuga–Tsuga forests. The sites ranged from 420 to 1250 m asl and stream size from 1st to 5th order streams. There were significant changes in species richness and composition along several environmental gradients. Richness within sites varied among different geomorphic surfaces with the highest number of species on areas periodically flooded. Richness was also higher in plots with high abundance of woody debris. No site level factors influenced richness at the sample plot level, while the highest species number at the site level was for large streams. The main gradients in the species composition within sites were changes with increasing distance from the stream and amount of woody debris. Both elevation and stream size significantly influenced species composition. The complex set of factors that influenced species richness and composition implies that management of riparian vegetation must be based on both coarse scale considerations such as regional distribution of different stream types and fine scale factors such as spatial availability of different substrate types. Key words: old-growth forest; CCA analysis; fluvial disturbance; bryophytes; elevation effects; coarse woody debris.

Buried propagules in an old-growth forest and their response to experimental disturbances

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl A. Ingersoll ◽  
Mark V. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Greenhouse Condition ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Surface Burning ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Soil blocks collected from an old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii forest were subjected to three types of disturbances (shade removal, surface burning, and soil churning) in a factorial experiment. Most émergents (88%) were vegetative sprouts. Total emergence and emergence of vegetative sprouts were significantly higher in the undisturbed (control) treatment than in any other treatment. As intensity of disturbance (measured by the number of disturbance factors applied) increased, the number of emergents declined. Exposure to sun caused a significant decline in emergence of each of the six most abundant species; the effects of burning and churning varied by species. Burning decreased the emergence of species with shallow regenerating structures. None of the experimental treatments significantly affected seedling emergence. Density of émergents (both seedlings and vegetative sprouts) was higher under greenhouse condition (411.7/m2) than in the experimental treatments (94.6/m2), indicating that greenhouse emergence is more suitable for quantifying the buried propagule bank. Key words: seed bank, propagules, old-growth forest, disturbance, fire.

scholarly journals Wood-decaying fungi in old-growth boreal forest fragments: extinctions and colonizations over 20 years

Silva Fennica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atte Komonen ◽  
Ilkka Puumala ◽  
Gergely Varkonýi ◽  
Reijo Penttilä
Keyword(s):  
Dead Wood ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
The One ◽  
Study Species

According to ecology theory, isolated habitat fragments cannot maintain populations of specialized species. Yet, empirical evidence based on monitoring of the same fragments over time is still limited. We studied the colonization–extinction dynamics of eight wood-decaying fungal species in 16 old-growth forest fragments (<14 ha) over a 20-year period (1997–2017). We observed 19 extinctions and 5 colonizations; yet, the distribution of extinctions and colonizations did not differ from the one expected by chance for any of the species. Twenty-six percent of the extinctions took place in two natural fragments amid large forest–peatland complexes. (Romell) Bourdot and Galzin decreased and (P. Karst.) Bourdot increased in abundance (number of logs occupied). The volume of living spruce trees in the forest fragments correlated positively with the number of logs inhabited in five of the study species. Because fragment characteristics did not affect species turnover, it seems that stochastic processes governed colonizations and extinctions. Although the least abundant species in 1997 had declined, and the most abundant species had become more abundant, it appears that specialized wood-decaying fungi can persist for decades in isolated old-growth forest fragments, if suitable dead wood is continuously available.Phellinus nigrolimitatusPhellinus ferrugineofuscus

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