scholarly journals Golden hoard from Bushtino (Ukraine)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 331-344
Author(s):  
Josip Kobal’
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Bronze Age

The territory of the modern Transcarpathian region of Ukraine is rich in Bronze Age hoards (about 200 complexes are known). However, just a small part of them includes only gold objects. The gold items of the treasure were interpreted as Tarpa type earrings and dated to the Opaya horizon (BD). Re-analysis of the finding allowed reviewing the data of the statement. The article proposes to refer the complex to the period of the BC and, perhaps, even BB1, and to interpret gold implements as elements of a special hairstyle or headdress (crown?). The hoard from the village of Bushtino (Khust district), which is the focus of our article, also belongs to them. The hoard was discovered in 1911. It consisted of 13 jewellery items (11 gold pendants and 2 bracelets). To date, only 3 items have been saved. They are stored in Uzhgorod, in the Transcarpathian Museum of Local Lore named after Tyvodar Lehotsky. Jewellery items from Bushtino belong to two types: Tarpa type of earrings (1) and Bushtino type of pendants (2). All of them are ornamented in one technique and in one style, and also have common or close motives (paired zigzag lines, crosses, stars, etc. and their combinations) and compositions. The analysis of ornamental motifs of ornaments from Bushtino shows that most of them have analogies on products of earlier times, periods BB1 - BA2. Tarpa-type bronze earrings in the Pilin culture (Northern Hungary and Eastern Slovakia) mostly also date to an earlier time (BC period). The author of the article proposes to determine the chronology of the Bushtino hoard not later than the period of BC or even BB1. Based on archaeological and ethnographic data, as well as the number of ornaments in individual complexes, it is hypothesized that gold items from Bushtino could be either part of a special hairstyle (women?), or part of a special headdress (crown?) made of organic materials (fabric, leather). Rich headdresses (crowns) existed in the Bronze Age in Western Asia and Europe. Probably the implements from Bushtino belonged to someone from the elite unit of cultural bearers of Suciu de Sus (Stanovo). Key words: Superior Tisa Region, Bronze Age, gold hoard, chronology, interpretation.

scholarly journals THE FLESH-HOOK FEATURING A SCENE OF FIST FIGHTING FROM A MAIKOP CULTURE DOLMEN NEAR THE VILLAGE OF TSARSKAYA IN THE NORTHWEST CAUCASUS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Трифонов ◽  
Н.И. Шишлина ◽  
А.Ю. Лобода ◽  
В.А. Хвостиков
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
Temple Art ◽  
The Village ◽  
Portable Art

В статье приведены результаты всестороннего анализа уникального бронзового крюка с антропоморфными фигурками из дольмена эпохи ранней бронзы (прибл. 3200–2900 до н. э.) у ст. Царская (совр. Новосвободная) на Северо-Западном Кавказе. Установлено, что предмет отлит из мышьяковой бронзы по технологии утрачиваемой восковой модели, является крюком для вынимания мяса из котла и входит в набор церемониальной посуды для общественной трапезы. Изображения пары обнаженных мужчин, стоящих в боксерской стойке, представляют сцену ритуального поединка в присутствии или в честь божества, чьим атрибутом являются бычьи рога, на которых соперники стоят. Предмет в целом ассоциируется с темой погребального пира и погребальных игр. Вероятно, что сюжет и иконография изображений восходят к канонам храмового шумерского искусства раннединастического, а возможно, и более раннего времени. Адаптация этой темы в майкопской культурной среде объясняется ее принадлежностью к кругу культур самой северной периферии переднеазиатской цивилизации. Пара фигур, изображенная на крюке из Царской, является самым ранним образцом антропоморфной металлической мелкой пластики на Кавказе и, видимо, самым ранним в мире скульптурным изображением кулачного поединка. The paper reports on the results of comprehensive analysis of a unique bronze flesh-hook featuring anthropomorphic figures from an Early Bronze Age dolmen (ca. 3200–2900 BC) near the village of Tsarskaya (contemporary Novosvobodnaya) in the Northwest Caucasus (fig. 1). It was established that the flesh-hook was cast from arsenical bronze with the use of the lost wax method and was used to take meat out of a cauldron and, therefore, it entered a ceremonial table-ware set used in public feasts. The depicted pair of naked men in boxing stand (fig. 2; 3) represents a scene of ritual fight in the presence of or in honor of a deity whose attribute are bull horns (fig. 4), on which fighters are standing. As a whole, the item is associated with the theme of a funeral feast and funeral games. The narrative scene and iconography of the images are likely to have its roots in the canons of Sumerian temple art of the Early Dynastic period and, probably, even of the earlier time (fig. 5). The adaptation of this narrative to the Maikop cultural milieu is explained by its attribution to the circle of cultures located in the northernmost periphery of the Western Asia civilization. Two figures depicted on the Tsarskaya fleshhook represent the earliest example of anthropomorphic portable art in the Caucasus and the earliest sculptural image of fist fighting in the world.

Археологические памятники у пос. Ергенинский

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-45
Author(s):  
Evgeny G. Burataev ◽  
◽  
Maria A. Ochir-Goryaeva ◽  
Erdni A. Kekeev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Bronze Age

Introduction. Due to the nomadic lifestyle of the indigenous population which they practiced up to 1930s and the absence of any noticeable anthropogenic impact on the local environment, most of the archaeological sites located on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia are characterized by their very well preserved state. However, the area around the village Ergeninskiy (Ketchenerovskiy region, Republic of Kalmykia) is probably one of the few with such a number and variety of archaeological sites. The goal of this article is to introduce the results of the initial recording of the archaeological sites located in the valleys of the rivers Shar Elsin and Kek Buluk around the village Ergeninskiy. Materials and Methods. The mound group of the Catacomb culture to the eastern edge of the village was examined during the excavation works led by V. P. Shilov in 1981–1986 and M. A. Ochir-Goryaeva in 2006–2008. The Bronze Age settlement situated to the west of the village on the bank of the river Shar Elsin was examined in 2010–2012. The nodules of cretaceous flint were found by our archaeological team in the large Kyur Sala ravine to the north of the village Ergeninskiy. It should be noted that such nodules often indicate the probability of nearby existence of the Stone Age and Copper-Stone Age settlements. The exploration works undertaken in the area 15–18 km in length have revealed the six mound groups including 259 mounds. This article also gives the initial information about the previously unknown flat mounds discovered in the steppes. These mounds are similar to the sites of Maikop culture that date back to the Bronze Age era and are widespread in the North Caucasus region. Results. The area around the village Ergeninskiy is characterized by the density and variety of archaeological sites. Thus, the further archaeological research of this microregion has a lot of prospects.

The Ezero Mound in South-East Bulgaria

Antiquity ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 40 (157) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Georgiev ◽  
N. J. Merpert
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Bronze Age

Very little work has so far been done on the Bronze Age in South-East Bulgaria. This is an area which is of the greatest importance in the prehistory of South-Eastern Europe, a fact which has been often stressed by archaeologists working in the Eastern Mediterranean [I]. Geographically linked closely to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean lands, and especially to the Troad, South-East Bulgaria should provide important data for the establishment of relations between these lands in the Bronze Age. With these aims in mind the village settlement of Ezero, a site which even before excavation was obviously one of many periods, presented itself clearly as a place for excavation. Ezero, also known as Dipsis, is 3 km. south-east of Nova Zagora: it is not far from the well-known settlement site of Karanovo and 24 km. from the Azmak mound described in a recent number of this journal [2]. Preliminary excavations carried out from 1952-8 at Ezero showed that the settlement had a great thickness of occupation levels dating from the Early Bronze Age. Systematic excavation was restarted in 1961 and continued in 1963 and 1964.The site is bordered by swampy ground and large open water-meadows. The damp, easily worked soil was well suited to primitive agriculture, and the meadows to stock-rearing.

Zebu: harbingers of doom in Bronze Age western Asia?

Antiquity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (292) ◽  
pp. 438-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Bronze Age

The significance of zebu, or humped. cattle as potential indicators of episodes of aridification in the Bronze Age of western Asia is explored through study of figurines and faunal remains from Mesopotamia, the Levant and Anatolia.

scholarly journals Burial Rites at the Frontovoye 3 Cemetery in the Southwest Crimea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Н. Свиридов ◽  
С.В. Язиков
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
Funerary Rites ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Percentage Ratio ◽  
Central Crimea ◽  
Burial Rite

Статья посвящена характеристике погребального обряда могильника Фронтовое 3, расположенного в 1 км к СЗЗ от с. Фронтовое Нахимовского р на г. Севастополь и полностью исследованного отрядом Крымской новостроечной экспедиции ИА РАН в 2018 г. Вскрыто 13 948 кв. м раскопано 328 погребений конца I IV в. н. э. и 4 эпохи бронзы, в т. ч. 305 подбойных могил, 12 грунтовых склепов, 7 грунтовых ям, 1 погребение в амфоре, 1 захоронение лошади и 2 собаки. Среди особенностей могильника следует выделить значительное преобладание подбойных могил, ориентировку погребенных в юго восточный сектор, присутствие особого типа кремационных погребений, а также соотношение погребальной камеры с входной ямой в грунтовых склепах. Прослеженные на памятнике обряды имеют аналогии в ряде памятников Юго Западного и Центрального Крыма, но сочетание типов обряда и их процентное соотношение во Фронтовом своеобразно. This paper reports on characteristics of funerary rites at Frontovoye 3, which is a cemetery located one kilometer north northwest of the village of Frontovoye in the Nakhimovsky district of Sevastopol which was fully examined by a team of the Crimea salvage expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, in 2018. The area of 13,948 sq. m was excavated 328 graves dating to the end of the 1st 4th centuries and four graves of the Bronze Age, including 305 niche graves, 12 ground vaulted graves, 7 pit graves, 1 jar burial in an amphora, 1 horse grave and 2 dog graves were investigated. The cemetery is characterized by predominance of niche graves, orientation of the deceased to the southeast, presence of a special type of cremated burials and correlation between the burial chamber and the entrance pit in ground vaulted graves. The rites identified at the site have analogies in a number of sites located in the Southwest and Central Crimea however, the combination of the types of burial rite and their percentage ratio at Frontovoye is quite distinctive.

Rock Art of Northern, Central, and Western Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Rozwadowski
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Rock Paintings ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter discusses the rock art traditions of Northern, Central, and Western Asia, first providing an overview of the chronological-cultural context of much of the known rock art in Northern and Central Asia before describing the main geographical concentrations of rock paintings and petroglyphs in the area. In particular, it examines the dilemmas with regards to ascertaining the age of ‘Stone Age’ rock art, along with the presence of chariots in rock art as an iconographic determinant of the Bronze Age. It also considers the association of the Bronze Age with the expansion of Indo-Iranians, expansion of Buddhism through Central Asia as reflected in the rock art, relation of Siberian rock art to shamanism, and major rock art regions of Northern and Central Asia. It concludes by assessing the rock art of Western Asia and how the advent of Islam in mid–seventh century ad changed Arabian traditions of rock art.

scholarly journals The moulds from Velebit and European bronze age metal anvils

Starinar ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 139-182
Author(s):  
Barbara Armbruster ◽  
Albrecht Jockenhövel ◽  
Aleksandar Kapuran ◽  
Rasko Ramadanski
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
General Role ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Significant Class

During the first excavations of the cemetery dating from the Bronze Age and Early Antiquity in the village of Velebit near Kanjiza (Northern Serbia) one of the excavated artefacts was found to belong to a used and broken stone mould for casting anvils. However, without an expert archaeologist to supervise the recovery of this find, which remained unknown for decades after its discovery, as a starting point, the authors of this article present a synthesis that takes into account several aspects of this significant class of metalcraft object. This proceeds from the history of the excavation to the general role of European Bronze Age anvils in gold and bronze metalworking, and then further on to their typological, terminological, chronological and functional analysis and to their long-range distribution as a sign of an interregional network of craftsmen, including their social context and symbolism.

Radiocarbon Dating of Pottery from Bronze Age Sites in eastern European steppes (Russia)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
P Kuznetsov ◽  
О Mochalov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Late Stone Age ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Wooden Structures ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractIn recent decades, the radiocarbon method has frequently been used for dating organic admixtures in pottery. This method is useful for dating the Late Stone Age cultures in eastern Europe due to the poor availability of other organic materials. On the contrary, Bronze Age sites offer a great variety of organic sources, including remains of wooden structures, charcoal, and human and animal bones. This paper analyzes the 14C dates obtained on bones and pottery from six Bronze Age sites in order to determine the feasibility of 14C pottery dating for this particular period. Bronze Age pottery is made of silty clay containing organic matter, which can comprise older material. Therefore, 14С dates obtained on bones, wood, or charcoal are more representative. This paper analyzes the 14C dates obtained on bones and pottery from six Bronze Age sites. Based on this limited study, the authors conclude that dating of pottery from the Bronze Age is controversial and can result in much older dates. We argue this method is acceptable only if no other organic materials are available.

scholarly journals Pastoralism and Millet Cultivation During the Bronze Age in the Temperate Steppe Region of Northern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaping Zhang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Songmei Hu ◽  
Xinying Zhou ◽  
Linjing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Monsoon Area ◽  
The Bronze Age

Eastern and Western Asia were important centers for the domestication of plants and animals and they developed different agricultural practices and systems. The timing, routeway and mechanisms of the exchanges between the two centers have long been important scientific issues. The development of a mixed pastoral system (e.g., with the rearing of sheep, goats and cattle) and millet cultivation in the steppe region of northern China was the result of the link between the two cultures. However, little detailed information is available about the precise timing and mechanisms involved in this mixture of pastoralism and millet cultivation. To try to address the issue, we analyzed the pollen, fungal spores and phytolith contents of soil samples from the Bronze Age Zhukaigou site in the steppe area of North China, which was combined with AMS 14C dating of charcoal, millet and animal bones. A mixed pastoralism and millet agricultural system appeared at the site between 4,000 and 3,700 cal yr BP, and the intensity of animal husbandry increased in the later stage of occupation. Published data indicate that domestic sheep/goats appeared across a wide area of the steppe region of northern China after ∼4,000 cal yr BP. A comparison of records of sheep/goat rearing and paleoclimatic records from monsoon area in China leads us to conclude that the mixture of pastoralism and millet cultivation was promoted by the occurrence of drought events during 4,200–4,000 cal yr BP. Moreover, we suggest that mixed rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry increased the adaptability and resilience of the inhabitants of the region which enabled them to occupy the relatively arid environment of the monsoon marginal area of northern China.

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