Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury

The article presents medical and social problems of traumatic brain injury in countries with different levels of economic development. These problems show the need for studies of clinical and typical pathological processes in patients with traumatic brain injury. There is no doubt about the importance of studying the reasons leading to the decompensation of these processes, predicting their course and outcome, as well as a therapeutic effect on these processes to improve the results of treatment of victims

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Behavioral Pain Indicators in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit

Journal of Caring Sciences ◽

10.15171/jcs.2018.030 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 197-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roghieh Nazari ◽

Saeed Pahlevan Sharif ◽

Kelly A Allen ◽

Hamid Sharif Nia ◽

Bit-Lian Yee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Injury Severity ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Neck Stiffness ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Eye Opening ◽

Different Levels

Introduction: A consistent approach to pain assessment for patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) is a major difficulty for health practitioners due to some patients’ inability, to express their pain verbally. This study aimed to assess pain behaviors (PBs) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients at different levels of consciousness. Methods: This study used a repeated-measure, within-subject design with 35 patients admitted to an ICU. The data were collected through observations of nociceptive and non-nociceptive procedures, which were recorded through a 47-item behavior-rating checklist. The analyses were performed by SPSS ver.13 software. Results: The most frequently observed PBs during nociceptive procedures were facial expression levator contractions (65.7%), sudden eye openings (34.3%), frowning (31.4%), lip changes (31.4%), clear movement of extremities (57.1%), neck stiffness (42.9%), sighing (31.4%), and moaning (31.4%). The number of PBs exhibited by participants during nociceptive procedures was significantly higher than those observed before and 15 minutes after the procedures. Also, the number of exhibited PBs in patients during nociceptive procedures was significantly greater than that of exhibited PBs during the non-nociceptive procedure. The results showed a significant difference between different levels of consciousness and also between the numbers of exhibited PBs in participants with different levels of traumatic brain injury severity. Conclusion: The present study showed that most of the behaviors that have been observed during painful stimulation in patients with traumatic brain injury included facial expressions, sudden eye opening, frowning, lip changes, clear movements of extremities, neck stiffness, and sighing or moaning.

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Understanding the relationship between cognitive performance and function in daily life after traumatic brain injury

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2020-324492 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. jnnp-2020-324492

Author(s):

Lindsay Wilson ◽

Lindsay Horton ◽

Kevin Kunzmann ◽

Barbara J Sahakian ◽

Virginia FJ Newcombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Daily Life ◽

Short Form ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Different Levels

ObjectiveCognitive impairment is a key cause of disability after traumatic brain injury (TBI) but relationships with overall functioning in daily life are often modest. The aim is to examine cognition at different levels of function and identify domains associated with disability.Methods1554 patients with mild-to-severe TBI were assessed at 6 months post injury on the Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended (GOSE), the Short Form-12v2 and a battery of cognitive tests. Outcomes across GOSE categories were compared using analysis of covariance adjusting for age, sex and education.ResultsOverall effect sizes were small to medium, and greatest for tests involving processing speed (ηp2 0.057–0.067) and learning and memory (ηp2 0.048–0.052). Deficits in cognitive performance were particularly evident in patients who were dependent (GOSE 3 or 4) or who were unable to participate in one or more major life activities (GOSE 5). At higher levels of function (GOSE 6–8), cognitive performance was surprisingly similar across categories. There were decreases in performance even in patients reporting complete recovery without significant symptoms. Medium to large effect sizes were present for summary measures of cognition (ηp2 0.111), mental health (ηp2 0.131) and physical health (ηp2 0.252).ConclusionsThis large-scale study provides novel insights into cognitive performance at different levels of disability and highlights the importance of processing speed in function in daily life. At upper levels of outcome, any influence of cognition on overall function is markedly attenuated and differences in mental health are salient.

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Inhibition of NOX2 contributes to the therapeutic effect of aloin on traumatic brain injury

Folia Neuropathologica ◽

10.5114/fn.2020.100069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 265-274

Author(s):

Haihai Dong ◽

Haitao Wang ◽

Xuezhi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Therapeutic Effect

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Observation on Therapeutic Effect of Acupuncture Treatment on Cognitive Impairment after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Neuropsychiatry ◽

10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000309 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 07 (06) ◽

Author(s):

Jingsong Zeng ◽

Qinghua Zhou ◽

Wusong Tong ◽

Yijun Guo ◽

Chunfang Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Therapeutic Effect ◽

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Acupuncture Treatment

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Traumatic brain injury

Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198785477.003.0026 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 367-384

Author(s):

Manoj Sivan ◽

Margaret Phillips ◽

Ian Baguley ◽

Melissa Nott

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Social Problems ◽

Brain Injuries ◽

Acute Onset ◽

Affected Individual ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Increasing Risk

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a subset of acquired brain injuries, a larger grouping that includes acute-onset diseases such as stroke as well as degenerative conditions such as the dementing illnesses. TBI is often considered separately to other acquired brain injuries due to differences in its presentation and how treatment is approached. TBI occurs over an extremely broad range of severities, from concussion through to profound and life-threatening damage. As the injury becomes more severe, the affected individual has an increasing risk of experiencing lifelong and complex physical, behavioural, emotional, cognitive and social problems. This chapter describes mechanisms, severity, consequences, related conditions, and stages of rehabilitation.

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