scholarly journals Chicory seed production: research and practice

1990 ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
M.D. Hare ◽  
J.S. Rowarth ◽  
W.J. Archie ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
B.R. Guy
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

'Grasslands Puna' chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) has been harvested for seed in New Zealand since 1984. Seed yields have ranged from 0 to over 700 kg/ha with an average yield of around 200 kg/ha. Data from Manawatu and Canterbury trials were combined with information gained from monitoring 25 Puna seed crops in Canterbury. Results from work on establishment, time of closing, seed development, response to nitrogen, herbicide tolerance and methods of harvesting are reported, and differences between Manawatu and Canterbury in terms of management of Puna seed crops are highlighted. Keywords: chicory, seed production

scholarly journals Phalaris and tall fescue seed production: Volunteer control and herbicide tolerance

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
K. Reddy ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
W.J. Archie
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Good Tolerance ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

Experiments in grass seed crops investigated the control of volunteers in phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and tolerance of phalaris seed crops to four herbicides and tall fescue (Festuca arundiacea) to eight herbicides. Atrazine at 2040 g/ha gave 94% control of volunteer phalaris and both atrazine at 2040 g/ha and ethofumesate at 2000 g/ha showed good tolerance with phalaris seed yields of 760 and 750 kg/ha compared to untreated control which had a seed yield of 620 kg/ha. Tall fescue seed yields showed good tolerance to terbuthylazine at 750 g/ha, prodiamine at 65 g/ha, chlorpropham at 1200 g/ha, diuron at 1800 g/ha and oxyflurofen at 288 g/ha with seed yields of 2580-2730 kg/ha compared to untreated of 2200 kg/ha. In the second year, burn treatments with metolachlor at 1920 g/ha gave 88 % volunteer control with a seed yield of 1380 kg/ha compared with untreated control of 1090 kg/ha.

scholarly journals 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue seed production: research and practice

1990 ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
M.D. Hare ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
W.J. Archie ◽  
J. Mckenzie
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Harvesting Techniques ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Seed yields of 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) have ranged from 200 to 1450 kg/ha, with some hand harvested research plots producing 3600 kg/ha. Better management has increased seed yields, i.e., growing seed crops on deep, moistureretentive soils, lenient autumn and winter grazing, closing by late winter (mid July), applying 120 kg N/ha and careful harvesting techniques. Time of sowing, undersowing with barley crops, weed control and plant growth regulators are also discussed. Keywords tall fescue, seed production, Festuca arundinacea, 'Grasslands Roa'

scholarly journals Browntop seed production: Past, present and future

1990 ◽  
pp. 87-89
Author(s):  
B.R. Guy ◽  
W.J. Archie ◽  
J.S. Rowarth
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Agrostis Capillaris ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

A survey of 'Grassland Egmont' browntop (Agrostis capillaris syn. A. tenuis) seed yields (1987-1989 incl.) showed a range in production from 0 to over 400 kg/ha, with a relatively low average yield (107-147 kg/ha). In order to elucidate the problems associated with growing Egmont for seed, crops on 23 farms were monitored during the 1989/90 growing season. Trends on yield data were then analysed according to precipitation (rainfall or irrigation) and soil type. Precipitation was found to be the major factor in limiting seed yields. With this information, refinements were developed to present management systems including fertiliser application, weed control, irrigation and harvest and post-harvest management. Keywords: browntop, seed production, irrigation, 'Grasslands Egmont'

Problems of amenity grass seed production in New Zealand

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
L. Corkill ◽  
W. Rumball
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Breeding Management ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Selection Of

The problems of seed production of amenity grasses in New Zealand are considered from two aspects - (a) increasing seed potential by breeding; (b) achieving that potential by good management as practised in the Netherlands, (a) In terms of breeding, the strategies to increase seed yield depended to some degree on the species concerned. With browntop it was necessary to discard about two-thirds of the most promising genotypes because of poor heading, but the remaining genotypes flowered freely and in unison, and gave good seed yields. With fescue even the best original plants were sparsely heading, so direct selection for prolificacy has been needed. This was also carried out for perennial ryegrass, as well as selection of early-heading genotypes to avoid infection by stem rust. (b) It is suggested that areas for seed of amenity grasses in New Zealand should be used for seed production only rather than for both forage and seed as is the usual practice. Techniques used in the Netherlands could serve as guidelines to procedures. The implications of low seeding rates, good weed control, high fertilizer applications and minimum cutting or grazing in promoting strong individual plants capable of high seed yields are discussed. Keywords: Amenity grass, seed production, New Zealand, breeding, management, Netherlands, Agrostis tenuis, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne

scholarly journals GRASS SEED PRODUCTION: WEEDS, HERBICIDES AND FERTILISERS

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
M.P. Ralston ◽  
K.R. Brown ◽  
M.D. Hare ◽  
K.A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Bromus Mollis

Four weed species (Bromus mollis, Vulpia sp., Poa annua, Steltaria media) occur in 30% or more of all perennial ryegrass seed samples. Of the listed undesirable species, Avena fatua (wild oat) and Hordeum murinum occurred respectively in 5.3 and 3.5% of ryegrass seedlots. Only 6 herbicides are registered for use in grass seed crops in New Zealand, 2 for wild oat, and 4 for broadleaved weeds. The results of research on weed control in seedling and established seed crops (ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue, phalaris, prairie grass) are presented. Fertilisers for grass seed crops discussed are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), lime and zinc. Autumn N is commonly used and will increase seed yields in early flowering species (Pestuca rubra, F. arundinacea), but in ryegrass variable results have occurred. Spring N should be applied at stem elongation. No responses to P have been reported for ryegrass, while in established cocksfoot responses to P and K have been reported. Overliming can induce Zn deficiencies, and of the grass species only prairie grass may require lime. Keywords: Lolium, ryegrass, seed production, weed occurrence, Bromus mollis, herbicides, fertilisers, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime, zinc

scholarly journals Forage seed production: 75 years applying science and technology

2006 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
R.J. Chynoweth ◽  
A.V. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Production History ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Seed Yields

Forage seed (brassica, grass and legume species) is the delivery vehicle for new plant genetics to the pastoral sector. Seed production technology associated with the release of the first bred pasture cultivars in the 1930s was largely based around horse-drawn reaper and binders and stationary threshing machines. The development of authenticity and quality controls also started in the 1930s with the NZ Seed Certification Scheme. Management inputs were minimal with closing and harvest dates being the major tools available. Over a 75 year period, seed yields have increased, with top growers now achieving seed yields that are three times greater than those reported 50 to 75 years ago. In the 1950s, harvest mechanisation developed rapidly and in the 1970s on-farm seed drying was developed. The availability of nitrogen (N) fertiliser was the first major input available for grass seed growers. The paper follows the science and changing recommendations on N rates and the eventual maximum limit achieved by additional N identified in trials in 2004. From the 1960s onwards, new herbicides have allowed for the control of a wider range of difficult to control weed species, especially the control of other grasses in ryegrass seed crops and broadleaved weeds in white clover. New generation fungicides, insecticides and plant growth regulators have provided improved management tools for increased seed yields. The paper concludes with changes in extension from Government driven (Department of Agriculture) to farmer funded R&D and extension by the Foundation for Arable Research. Keywords: ryegrass, white clover, brassica, seed production, history

The effects of frosts on seed production in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Seed Yields

Six cultivars of subterranean clover, Geraldton, Yarloop, Woogenellup, Clare, Mount Barker, and Tallarook, were grown as ungrazed swards at 1,700 feet a.s.1. in the Mackenzie Country of South Canterbury, New Zealand. In this very frosty environment seed yields tended to increase with increasing lateness of flowering although Clare and perhaps Tallarook appeared to be more frost susceptible than the other cultivars. It is suggested that the deleterious effects of frosts in reducing the seed yields of subterranean clover may have been overemphasized in the past and that the trend for seed yields to increase with increasing lateness of flowering can be partially explained by differences in runner production.

Red clover seed production - research and practice

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
P.T.P. Clifford ◽  
A.C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Certified Seed ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
National Average ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Seed Yields

National average certified seed yields (1972.76) of New Zealand’s red clover cultivars are low, being 259 and 147 kg/ha, respectively, for Hamua and Turoa. Major factors considered important for improving these yields are: reduction in paddock size to improve pollination; preference for undersown pure sowings with the exception of wellmanaged Hamua/Manawa ryegrass mixtures; appropriate grazing management to promote a good level of individual plant development by closing; closing to be no earlier than the beginning of December; irrigation no later than closing date; harvesting dates brought forward 10 March for Hamua and early April for Turoa and Pawera by using a desiccant and direct heading when necessary.

scholarly journals Seed production issues that limit supplies or result in high market prices of dryland legume species

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
M.P. Rolston
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
High Price ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Dryland Crops ◽  
New Research ◽  
Seed Crops

A barrier to the adoption of many dryland legumes by grassland farmers is the lack of supply and/or the high price of seed. Growers face a number of problems in growing dryland legumes for seed, including a high risk of crop failure; alternatives such as wheat, barley and perennial ryegrass seed are lower risk crops. Gross margins for legume seed crops (including white clover) indicate that they have low profitability, at present prices if yields are average. Pollination remains a serious limitation to production, especially for dryland crops that are not well pollinated by honeybees. Both internationally and in New Zealand there has been a major decline in seed production research in the last decade, and little new research has been published on seed production of a range of dryland legumes. Seed production issues limiting yield in a range of dryland seed crops in New Zealand are identified. The paper concludes with suggestions that may help overcome some of these limitations. Key words: economics, lucerne, production constraints, red clover, white clover

scholarly journals MIRlDS IN 'GRASSLANDS MAKU' LOTUS SEED CROPS: FRIENDS OR FOES?

1983 ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
P.T.P. Clifford ◽  
J.A. Wightman ◽  
D.N.J. Whitford
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Pod Shattering ◽  
Lotus Seed ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Insecticide Control

The need for mirid (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel.) control to improve seed yields of 'Grasslands Maku' lotus seed crops was studied over two seasons on a crop near Lincoln, Canterbury. In 1980 seed yields were increased by 40% to 850 kg/ha by the application of bromophos (500 g a.i./ha) in mid-December to remove a population of 30 mirids/20 net sweeps. In 1981, demetonb-methyl (200 g a.i./haj was applied along with a water only control in mid-November, followed by a blanket spray of bromophos in mid-December. There were two separate effects resulting from the use of metasystox. Although demetondmethyl protection gave a higher seed yield/stem for early-formed flowerheads the pattern was reversed for the later-formed flowerheads because early mirid attack increased flowerhead numbers/stem. Laterformed umbels gave a more concentrated span of flowering, which enhanced better timing of harvest of this crop which is prone to pod shattering. The recommendation is to control mirids only in mid-December using bromophos. an insecticide that is relatively bee safe. Key Words: Seed production, Lotus pedunculatus, mirids, Calocoris norvegicus, insecticide control

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