scholarly journals A Review on Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Yusuff ◽  
O.D. Adeniyi ◽  
M.A. Olutoye ◽  
U.G. Akpan
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Catalytic Materials ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternative and environmentally benign fuels. The development of environmental friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification/transesterification process seems to be promising route and the reason why it is more preferred to conventional homogeneous and enzymatic catalyzed reactions is discussed. However, investigation on heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is extensively carried out based on previous research studies. In order to reduce cost of biodiesel production, evaluation and characterization of heterogeneous catalytic materials before and after its preparation provide facts on the process that have significant impact on the desired activity and selectivity properties. This review study provides a comprehensive overview of common process techniques usually employ in producing biodiesel. Different materials that serve as sources of heterogeneous catalysts to transesterify oils or fats for production of biodiesel with emphasis on selection criteria of solid catalytic materials are also highlighted. The potential heterogeneous catalyst that could be derived from anthill, various methods of preparing solid catalysts, as well as reusability and leaching analysis are discussed in details

Mesoporous Silicas as Basic Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Formation of Biodiesel

2018 ◽  
pp. 119-155
Author(s):  
Dilson Cardoso ◽  
Laura Lorena da Silva ◽  
Iago W. Zapelini
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Model Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Mesoporous Silicas ◽  
Organic Cations ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Basic Properties

The principal aspects of the production of biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysis are presented, comparing this alternative process to conventional (homogeneous) processes and evaluating the main operational parameters. The most important techniques for the preparation and characterization of silicas with basic properties are mentioned, dividing these materials into two groups with distinct properties: as-synthesized silicas, especially the M41S family, with their pores occluded with organic cations, and functionalized silicas, with accessible pores. The catalytic properties of these silicas were evaluated in transesterifications using a model reaction and vegetable oil. Finally, a brief presentation is made of other solid catalysts with basic properties that can be used in the biodiesel production reaction.

Synthesis and Characterization of Different Transition Metal-Alginate Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for Esterification Reaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 709 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Fei Ling Pua ◽  
Kah Thong Looi ◽  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Sharifah Nabihah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst

In recent years, attention has been drawn to produce heterogeneous catalyst to replace homogeneous catalyst in biodiesel industry. This study was focused on the synthesis of three different types of alginate based heterogeneous catalyst (Ferric-alginate, Copper-alginate, and Nickel alginate) and the effect of the catalyst on esterification of oleic acid. Morphology and elemental analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of the catalyst. The new heterogeneous catalysts were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid at reaction temperature of 60°C and 2 hours reaction time. Fe-alginate has achieved the highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversation rate of 82.03%. The results and findings proved that transition metal-alginate heterogeneous catalyst has the potential and ability to esterify the free fatty acids prior biodiesel production from high free fatty acids feedstock.

Effect of Calcination Temperature and Time on Waste Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 707 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarina Sulaiman ◽  
Siti Rohana
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Calcination Time ◽  
Mixed Waste ◽  
Homogenous Catalyst

This paper studies the effect of calcination time and temperature of mixed waste catalyst for optimization of FAME yield. Fish bone and mixture of coconut waste and eggshells were used to catalyzed the transesterification process. The parameter was tested on different calcination condition and the result shows that the optimum condition was achieved at condition 800 °C, 2 hours was 80.3 wt% of FAME yield for mixed coconut waste and eggshells and 85 wt% were obtained at 900 °C for fish bone catalyst at 225 rpm, 12:1 methanol to oil ratio and amount of catalyst, 3wt%. It can be concluded that waste heterogeneous catalyst exhibits as a cheaper substitute to the homogenous catalyst.

scholarly journals Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Microalgal Oil—A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Mohammed O. Faruque ◽  
Shaikh A. Razzak ◽  
Mohammad M. Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Microalgal Oil ◽  
Solid Catalysts

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increased environmental concerns related to fossil fuel production and combustion has forced the global communities to search for renewable fuels. In this regard, microalgae-based biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternatives. Biodiesel production from the cultivation of microalgae is eco-friendly and sustainable. Moreover, microalgae have several advantages over other bioenergy sources, including their good photosynthetic capacity and faster growth rates. The productivity of microalgae per unit land area is also significantly higher than that of terrestrial plants. The produced microalgae biomass is rich with high quality lipids, which can be converted into biodiesel by transesterification reactions. Generally, the transesterification reactions are carried out in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. The homogeneous catalysts have many disadvantages, including their single use, slow reaction rate and saponification issues due to the presence of fatty acids in the feedstock. The acidic nature of the homogeneous catalysts also causes equipment corrosion. On the other hand, the heterogeneous catalysts offer several advantages, including their reusability, higher reaction rate and selectivity, easy product/catalyst separation and low cost. Due to these facts, the development of solid phase transesterification catalysts have been receiving growing interest. The present review is focused on the use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from microalgal oil as a reliable feedstock with a comparison to other available feedstocks. It also highlights optimal reaction conditions for maximum biodiesel yields, reusability of the solid catalysts, cost, and environmental impact. The superior lipid content of microalgae and the efficient concurrent esterification and transesterification of the solid acid−base catalysts can offer new advancements in biodiesel production.

Biodiesel Production Using Mixed Solid Catalysts

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 451-458
Author(s):  
A.K. Temu
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Continuous Processes ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Astm D6751

One of the disadvantages of homogeneous base catalysts in biodiesel production is that they cannot be reused or regenerated because they are consumed in the reaction. Besides, homogeneous catalysed process is not environmentally friendly because a lot of waste water is produced in the separation step. Unlike homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts are environmentally benign, can be reused and regenerated, and could be operated in continuous processes, thus providing a promising option for biodiesel production. This paper presents catalytic activity of single and mixed solid catalysts in production of biodiesel from palm oil using methanol as well as ethanol at atmospheric pressure. The catalysts used are CaO, K2CO3, Al2O3, and CaO/K2CO3, CaO/Al2O3, K2CO3/Al2O3 mixtures. Results show that methanol is a better reactant with biodiesel yield ranging from 48 to 96.5% while ethanol gives yields ranging from 20 to 95.2%. The yield data for single catalysts range from 20 to 89.2% while that for mixed catalysts range from 52 to 96.5% indicating improvement in the activity by mixing the catalysts. The study also shows that biodiesel yield increases with catalyst loading which emphasizes the need for sufficient number of active sites. The properties of biodiesel produced compares well with ASTM D6751 and EN 14124 biodiesel standards.

scholarly journals Concluding remarks: progress toward the design of solid catalysts

2016 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 591-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Catalyst Design ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Catalyst Structure ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Catalytic Materials ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
And Performance

The 2016 Faraday Discussion on the topic “Designing New Heterogeneous Catalysts” brought together a group of scientists and engineers to address forefront topics in catalysis and the challenge of catalyst design—which is daunting because of the intrinsic non-uniformity of the surfaces of catalytic materials. “Catalyst design” has taken on a pragmatic meaning which implies the discovery of new and better catalysts on the basis of fundamental understanding of the catalyst structure and performance. The presentations and discussion at the meeting illustrate the rapid progress in this understanding linked with improvements in spectroscopy, microscopy, theory, and catalyst performance testing. The following text includes a statement of recurrent themes in the discussion and examples of forefront science that evidences progress toward catalyst design.

scholarly journals Characterization of Eggshell: A Heterogeneous Catalyst in Transesterification of Sand Apple (Parinari polyandra) Seed Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1179-1185
Author(s):  
O.O. Oniya ◽  
A. Saleh ◽  
F.B. Akande ◽  
D.T. Adeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Solvent Extraction Method ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Apple Fruits

The objective of this study was to characterize a low cost heterogeneous catalyst from the transesterification of sand apple (Parinari polyandra B.) biodiesel. Sand apple fruits were processed and oil was extracted using solvent extraction method. Raw eggshells were calcined at 800°C for 120 min in the muffle furnace. Surface properties of the raw and calcined eggshell were characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Radiation (FTIR) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Transesterification of the Sand Apple Oil (SASO) with ethanol in the presence of the calcined catalyst to produce ethyl ester and glycerol were optimized using Central Composite Design at different temperatures and time. Reactants for the transesterification process were the raw SASO and anhydrous ethanol. The study shows that raw eggshell was more stable with hydrogen bond form at 2,724 cm-1an while oil yield of 53.13 % was obtained from sand apple kernels. Ethyl ester yield of 90% was obtained from SASO. The results of transesterification shows the maximum biodiesel yield of 90% was obtained at reaction temperature of 65°C and time of 120 min, while the minimum yield of 70% was obtained at temperature of 55°C and time of 60 min; indicating that biodiesel increase with increase in time. Similarly, yield of ethyl ester of SASO also increased when the reaction temperature increased. The percentages of biodiesel yield obtained from SASO transesterification in this study showed that sand apple is promising oil for biodiesel production as compared with other vegetable oil crop obtained in previous studies

scholarly journals Shape-persistent porous organic cage supported palladium nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalytic materials

Nanoscale ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (31) ◽  
pp. 14929-14936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Harrison J. Cox ◽  
Evangelos I. Papaioannou ◽  
Chenyang Tang ◽  
Huiyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palladium Nanoparticles ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Pd Nanoparticle ◽  
Nanoparticle Catalysts ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Catalytic Materials ◽  
Porous Solution ◽  
Supported Palladium ◽  
Solution Processable

Porous organic cage templates for Pd nanoparticle catalysts – a new porous, solution processable and fully soluble, recrystallisable support for heterogeneous catalysts.

Effect of different metal oxides on the catalytic activity of γ-Al2O3–MgO supported bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from WCO

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 872-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Anita Ramli ◽  
Abdul Naeem ◽  
Muhammad Saleem khan
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Cooking Oil

The catalytic activity of different γ-Al2O3–MgO supported bifunctional solid catalysts was successfully evaluated by carrying out simultaneous esterification–transesterification in waste cooking oil.

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