scholarly journals Characterization of Eggshell: A Heterogeneous Catalyst in Transesterification of Sand Apple (Parinari polyandra) Seed Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1179-1185
Author(s):  
O.O. Oniya ◽  
A. Saleh ◽  
F.B. Akande ◽  
D.T. Adeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Solvent Extraction Method ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Apple Fruits

The objective of this study was to characterize a low cost heterogeneous catalyst from the transesterification of sand apple (Parinari polyandra B.) biodiesel. Sand apple fruits were processed and oil was extracted using solvent extraction method. Raw eggshells were calcined at 800°C for 120 min in the muffle furnace. Surface properties of the raw and calcined eggshell were characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Radiation (FTIR) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Transesterification of the Sand Apple Oil (SASO) with ethanol in the presence of the calcined catalyst to produce ethyl ester and glycerol were optimized using Central Composite Design at different temperatures and time. Reactants for the transesterification process were the raw SASO and anhydrous ethanol. The study shows that raw eggshell was more stable with hydrogen bond form at 2,724 cm-1an while oil yield of 53.13 % was obtained from sand apple kernels. Ethyl ester yield of 90% was obtained from SASO. The results of transesterification shows the maximum biodiesel yield of 90% was obtained at reaction temperature of 65°C and time of 120 min, while the minimum yield of 70% was obtained at temperature of 55°C and time of 60 min; indicating that biodiesel increase with increase in time. Similarly, yield of ethyl ester of SASO also increased when the reaction temperature increased. The percentages of biodiesel yield obtained from SASO transesterification in this study showed that sand apple is promising oil for biodiesel production as compared with other vegetable oil crop obtained in previous studies

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Investigation of Organic Wastes of Frying Oils and Beef Fats: Valorization for Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Souissi ◽  
Meha Alouini ◽  
Wissem Mnif
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biological Investigation ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Different Sources

The present study investigates the different approaches of biodiesel production by exploiting low cost feedstocks such as organic wastes of frying oils (WFO) and wastes of beef fats (WBF). The aim was to compare not only two different sources of waste raw materials but also different approaches of biodiesel production. Biodiesel which refers to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was produced by both chemical and enzymatic transesterification. The characterization of the biodiesel produced by both approaches was performed according to the European standard EN 14214. The results showed that the biological method gave a richer FAME biodiesel through the catalysis of whole-cell lipase. However, for the chemical method, better biodiesel physicochemical properties were observed for the two raw materials. Therefore, it would be interesting to compromise by optimizing the biological biodiesel production approach in order to obtain a better quality in coherence with EN 14214 requirements.

Vacuum Foaming of Aluminum Scrap

2012 ◽  
Vol 1481 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
J. A. Garabito ◽  
H. Granados ◽  
V. H. López ◽  
A. R. Kennedy ◽  
J. E. Bedolla
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Vacuum Chamber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Aluminum Foams ◽  
Casting And Solidification ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Al Foams

ABSTRACTIn this study, scrap from the automotive industry was used to produce aluminium foams under vacuum. Chips of an aluminium alloy LM26 were melted and 1wt. % of Mg was added for creating a viscous casting with uniform distribution of oxides. An ingot was obtained of this alloy after casting and solidification. Trials for foaming this alloy were performed by re-melting pieces under vacuum at different temperatures. A window in the vacuum chamber allowed observation of the foaming and collapse of the porous structures was observed during cooling. Characterization of the aluminum foams revealed different levels of expansion, porous structures and degrees of drainage. The best foams were obtained at 680 °C with a density of 0.78 g/cm3. This technique appears to be a feasible low cost route for producing Al foams based on scrap material.

Progress in Research of Lewis Acid Ionic Liquids Used as Catalyst in Biodiesel Synthesis

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Yong Han ◽  
Wu Di Zhang ◽  
Yu Bao Chen ◽  
Fang Yin ◽  
Shi Qing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Preparation ◽  
Catalytic Reaction Mechanism

onic liquid is a green catalyzer and solvent which can be designed by changing the structure of its cation or anion. Ionic liquid has been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, Ionic liquids as environmentally friendly catalysts were applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. In this paper, the advances in the Lewis acid ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production were reviewed. The characterization of the ionic liquids were summarized. The catalytic reaction mechanism of the Lewis acid ionic liquids in the biodiesel production was discussed. In addition, the prospect for the application of the Lewis acid ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Film Micro-sensor for Hypergolic Vapor Detection

2006 ◽  
Vol 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihua Shu ◽  
Jiehui Wan ◽  
John Shu ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Bryan A. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Vapor Detection ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Micro Sensor ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Microelectronic Manufacturing

ABSTRACTA passive chemiresistor micro-sensor was investigated for the detection of hydrazine compounds. Hydrazine compounds are a highly toxic and carcinogenic species exhibiting toxic effects in humans at very low levels of exposure. Therefore, a sensor capable of detecting ppb levels of hydrazine compounds is required to insure the safety of personnel. The present study describes the fabrication, testing, and characterization of a low-cost, ultrasensitive Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film-based micro-sensor for the detection of hydrazine compounds. Standard microelectronic manufacturing techniques were used to form a micro-sensor composed of a silicon substrate, interdigitated gold electrodes, and P3HT sensing film. Responses of the micro-sensor to hydrazine compounds at different temperatures and concentration levels are reported. When exposed to 25 ppm hydrazine in nitrogen, the sensor's resistance was measured to change from a few ohms to over 10 Megaohms. The thermal stability of the P3HT micro-sensor and the method to improve thermal stability are also explored. Thermally annealing the P3HT micro-sensor was found to improve thermal stability at high temperatures. Moreover, the sensor exhibits good specificity to hydrazine and does not respond to the presence of NO2 and/or N2O.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production Optimization using Heterogeneous Catalyst (Al2O3) in Karanja oil by Taguchi Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 5555-5558
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Taguchi Method ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Experimental Yield ◽  
Karanja Oil

Biodiesel is renewable and environmental friendly fuel which has the potential to obtain considerable performance of engine. The aim of this work is to optimize the transesterification process for production of biodiesel using Taguchi method. In this experimental work, the Karanja oil transesterification is done to produce biodiesel using Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst, using five parameters and five levels. Orthogonal array obtained by Minitab to analyze the interaction effect by using Taguchi method for the transesterification reaction. The parameters such as molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring speed are effect on biodiesel yield. Effect of these parameters is investigated on small scale. Experimental yield obtained at optimal conditions i.e. are 20:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 3% Al2O3 catalyst, reaction temperature 65ºC, reaction time 60 min and 600 rpm stirring speed is 80%.

A Review on Biodiesel Synthesis Using Catalyzed Transesterification Base Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Yong Han ◽  
Wu Di Zhang ◽  
Yu Bao Chen ◽  
Fang Yin ◽  
Shi Qing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Preparation

onic liquid is a green catalyzer and solvent which can be designed by changing the structure of its cation or anion. Ionic liquid has been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, Ionic liquids as environmentally friendly catalysts were applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. In this paper, the advances in the base ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production were reviewed. The characterization of the ionic liquids were summarized. In addition, the prospect for the application of the basic ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

Synthesis and Characterization of Different Transition Metal-Alginate Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for Esterification Reaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 709 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Fei Ling Pua ◽  
Kah Thong Looi ◽  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Sharifah Nabihah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst

In recent years, attention has been drawn to produce heterogeneous catalyst to replace homogeneous catalyst in biodiesel industry. This study was focused on the synthesis of three different types of alginate based heterogeneous catalyst (Ferric-alginate, Copper-alginate, and Nickel alginate) and the effect of the catalyst on esterification of oleic acid. Morphology and elemental analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of the catalyst. The new heterogeneous catalysts were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid at reaction temperature of 60°C and 2 hours reaction time. Fe-alginate has achieved the highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversation rate of 82.03%. The results and findings proved that transition metal-alginate heterogeneous catalyst has the potential and ability to esterify the free fatty acids prior biodiesel production from high free fatty acids feedstock.

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