Synthesis and Characterization of Different Transition Metal-Alginate Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for Esterification Reaction

In recent years, attention has been drawn to produce heterogeneous catalyst to replace homogeneous catalyst in biodiesel industry. This study was focused on the synthesis of three different types of alginate based heterogeneous catalyst (Ferric-alginate, Copper-alginate, and Nickel alginate) and the effect of the catalyst on esterification of oleic acid. Morphology and elemental analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of the catalyst. The new heterogeneous catalysts were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid at reaction temperature of 60°C and 2 hours reaction time. Fe-alginate has achieved the highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversation rate of 82.03%. The results and findings proved that transition metal-alginate heterogeneous catalyst has the potential and ability to esterify the free fatty acids prior biodiesel production from high free fatty acids feedstock.

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Reusable and efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from free fatty acids and oils: Self-solidifying hybrid ionic liquids

Energy ◽

10.1016/j.energy.2020.118631 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 211 ◽

pp. 118631 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mantian Li ◽

Jinyi Chen ◽

Youjie Huang ◽

Meichen Li ◽

Xiaocheng Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Biodiesel Production

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Synthesis of Biodiesel from Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Sustainable Chemistry ◽

10.3390/suschem2010012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 206-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gideon Lawer-Yolar ◽

Benjamin Dawson-Andoh ◽

Emmanuel Atta-Obeng

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Value ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Tall Oil ◽

Homogenous Catalysis ◽

Tall Oil Fatty Acids

This study compared the yield of biodiesel produced from tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) via (i) homogeneous catalyst (sulfuric acid) and (ii) a heterogeneous catalyst (Amberlyst® BD20, together with Ambersep BD 19 (Midcontinental Chemical Co., Olathe, KS, USA)® using a batch reactor. The effect of operation conditions including temperature, catalyst concentration, methanol: oil ratio and reaction time on esterification yield were investigated. Gas chromatographic data showed that the major fatty acids present in the TOFA are oleic acid (C18:1n9) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6). Homogenous catalysis yielded 96.76% biodiesel compared to 90.24% for heterogeneous catalysis. Optimized conditions for homogenous catalysis were at a catalyst concentration of 0.5 w/w%, 15:1 methanol: oil mass ratio at 55 °C for 60 min. FTIR results also showed that the homogeneous catalyst yielded a more complete reaction toward biodiesel production in a shorter time (60 min) compared to the heterogeneous catalyst (4.7 h). For heterogeneous catalysis, the highest yield and the lowest acid value were achieved after a second recycling because the reactants were not fully in contact with the catalyst during the first recycling. The catalyst did not show a reduction in catalytic activity even after the fourth recycling. However, the acid value was higher than that for ASTM standards for biodiesel.

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Free Fatty Acids Esterification on Palm Oil Sludge using Zirconia-supported Indonesia Natural Zeolite as Heterogeneous Catalyst

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/340531 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 2464-2470

Author(s):

Arif Hidayat ◽

Bachrun Sutrisno

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Natural Zeolite ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Oil Sludge ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Porosity Analysis

Biodiesel production has been attracted more intense study because of the growing interest in finding the alternative renewable energy resources. Commonly biodiesel production is produced using refined vegetable oils as feedstocks which catalyzed by a homogeneous catalyst. However, the homogeneous catalyst has many disadvantages such as complex products separation and environmentally problem. In this research, the esterification of Palm Oil Sludge (POS) using zirconia supported Indonesia natural zeolite as a heterogeneous catalyst was studied. The POS is low feedstock price and available abundantly. The catalysts were analyzed in term of porosity analysis (Gas Sorption Analysis method), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy). The FFAs conversion as high as was 84.2% achieved at following reaction conditions: 2 h reaction time, 65°C reaction temperature, 1:10 POS to methanol mole ratio, and catalyst amount 10 wt. % of POS. The FFA conversion was decreased after three consecutive of esterification reaction.

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Synthesis of CaO@CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles and its Application as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.184 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 851 ◽

pp. 184-193

Author(s):

Thutug Rahadiant Primadi ◽

Fauziatul Fajaroh ◽

Aman Santoso ◽

Nazriati ◽

Endang Ciptawati

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Earth Metal ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

High Concentration ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Until now, used cooking oil (jelantah) has not been utilized optimally. This study seeks to convert this waste into biodiesel. Used cooking oil usually contains high concentration of free fatty acids which can be converted into methyl esters through trans-esterification by methanol. This effort is in line with the increasing need for renewable energy sources. Because the waste still contains high concentrations of free fatty acids, it is necessary to think about the right process and catalyst in converting it as biodiesel. One heterogeneous catalyst that is thought to excel in biodiesel production is ferrite-based nanocomposites, namely CaO@CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The advantages of this catalyst are: it has high reactivity, thermal and chemical stability, and can be drawn by magnetic fields. This last property facilitates the catalyst isolation at the end of the process for recycling purposes. The catalytic power is expected to increase through impregnation with alkaline earth metal oxides which have a relatively high basicity, namely CaO. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and to characterize CaO@CoFe2O4, then to study its potential catalytic in biodiesel production from used cooking oil in various weight percent of catalyst. The main steps include: (1) synthesis of CoFe2O4 by coprecipitation; (2) Impregnation of CaO into CoFe2O4 and converted to CaO@CoFe2O4; (3) Characterization of the synthesized material by XRD, BET, and SEM/EDX; (4) application of CaO@CoFe2O4 in biodiesel production from used cooking oil; (5) characterization of biodiesel produced by viscosity measurement, yield and GC-MS analysis results. Based on the results of XRD and SEM/EDX analysis, the CaO@ CoFe2O4 catalyst has been successfully synthesized. Under optimal conditions, the yield of methyl ester produced with the addition of 2% of catalyst was 80.62%.

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Esterification of free fatty acids with supercritical methanol for biodiesel production and related kinetic study

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra03709c ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (64) ◽

pp. 52072-52078 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tianwei Jin ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Jinhui Zeng ◽

Chun Yang ◽

Yuqi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Kinetic Study ◽

Kinetic Analysis ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Supercritical Methanol

The interaction of raw material ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on the esterification reaction of free fatty acids, and a kinetic analysis of it.

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A Review on Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils

Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering ◽

10.33736/jaspe.432.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 142-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A.S. Yusuff ◽

O.D. Adeniyi ◽

M.A. Olutoye ◽

U.G. Akpan

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Solid Catalysts ◽

Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽

Catalytic Materials ◽

Before And After ◽

Catalyzed Reactions

Biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternative and environmentally benign fuels. The development of environmental friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification/transesterification process seems to be promising route and the reason why it is more preferred to conventional homogeneous and enzymatic catalyzed reactions is discussed. However, investigation on heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is extensively carried out based on previous research studies. In order to reduce cost of biodiesel production, evaluation and characterization of heterogeneous catalytic materials before and after its preparation provide facts on the process that have significant impact on the desired activity and selectivity properties. This review study provides a comprehensive overview of common process techniques usually employ in producing biodiesel. Different materials that serve as sources of heterogeneous catalysts to transesterify oils or fats for production of biodiesel with emphasis on selection criteria of solid catalytic materials are also highlighted. The potential heterogeneous catalyst that could be derived from anthill, various methods of preparing solid catalysts, as well as reusability and leaching analysis are discussed in details

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Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Abu Kulit Alpukat sebagai Katalis Proses Transesterifikasi Minyak Goreng Bekas menjadi Biodiesel

Jurnal Serambi Engineering ◽

10.32672/jse.v7i1.3707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Azif Afandi ◽

Lindia Riani ◽

Yanna Syamsuddin ◽

Zuhra Zuhra

Keyword(s):

Palmitic Acid ◽

Calcination Temperature ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Active Phase ◽

Acid Number ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Waste Biomass

Biodiesel is synthesized through a transesterification reaction with the help of a catalyst and generally uses a homogeneous catalyst. Heterogeneous catalysts can be synthesized from waste biomass such as avocado peel through a calcination. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of variations in calcination temperature (550, 650, and 750oC) on the performance of the catalyst for biodiesel production and to analyze the effect of differences in the amount of catalyst (4, 6, 8, and 10% by weight of oil) used in the transesterification process on biodiesel yield. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR. The results of the characterization of the catalyst showed that the dominant active phase of the catalyst was potassium (K). The highest biodiesel yield was obtained when using avocado peel ash as a catalyst which was calcined at a temperature of 650oC and using 6% catalyst by weight of oil. In the transesterification reaction the composition of the biodiesel product was analyzed using GC-MS and resulted that the palmitic acid was the most abundant composition in biodiesel. The biodiesel products produced were characterized for its density, viscosity, and acid number and have met the standard of SNI 7182:2015.

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A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts.

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Nurul Asmawati Roslan ◽

Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan ◽

Norhayati Abdullah ◽

Syamsul Bahari Abdullah ◽

Sumaiya Zainal Abidin

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Hydrogen Sulphate

The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reservedReceived: 21st January 2016; Revised: 29th February 2016; Accepted: 6th March 2016How to Cite: Roslan, N.A., Che Hasnan M.H., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, S.B., Abidin, S.Z. (2016). A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (2): 182-191 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190)Permalink/DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190</a>

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Preparation of Ni Loaded on Zeolite and its Application for Conversion of Glycerol to Hydrogen

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.457 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 845 ◽

pp. 457-461

Author(s):

Ramli Mat ◽

Junaidah Buhari ◽

Mahadhir Mohamed ◽

Anwar Johari ◽

Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Characterization ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Glycerol Conversion ◽

Reactor Temperature

Glycerol is the main by-product of biodiesel production and during the trans-esterification reaction, about 10 wt % of glycerol is produced. In this study, different amount of Ni was loaded on HZSM-5 and tested for the conversion of glycerol to hydrogen. The studies were also conducted at different reactor temperature of 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650°C respectively. The structural characterization of the catalyst was carried out using the XRD. It was found that, the addition of 15 wt % of nickel loaded on HZSM-5 shows the highest glycerol conversion of 98.54%. In addition, it produces the highest yield of hydrogen gas operated at reactor temperature of 600°C.

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