Biodiesel Production Using Mixed Solid Catalysts

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 451-458
Author(s):  
A.K. Temu
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Continuous Processes ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Astm D6751

One of the disadvantages of homogeneous base catalysts in biodiesel production is that they cannot be reused or regenerated because they are consumed in the reaction. Besides, homogeneous catalysed process is not environmentally friendly because a lot of waste water is produced in the separation step. Unlike homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts are environmentally benign, can be reused and regenerated, and could be operated in continuous processes, thus providing a promising option for biodiesel production. This paper presents catalytic activity of single and mixed solid catalysts in production of biodiesel from palm oil using methanol as well as ethanol at atmospheric pressure. The catalysts used are CaO, K2CO3, Al2O3, and CaO/K2CO3, CaO/Al2O3, K2CO3/Al2O3 mixtures. Results show that methanol is a better reactant with biodiesel yield ranging from 48 to 96.5% while ethanol gives yields ranging from 20 to 95.2%. The yield data for single catalysts range from 20 to 89.2% while that for mixed catalysts range from 52 to 96.5% indicating improvement in the activity by mixing the catalysts. The study also shows that biodiesel yield increases with catalyst loading which emphasizes the need for sufficient number of active sites. The properties of biodiesel produced compares well with ASTM D6751 and EN 14124 biodiesel standards.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from alternative raw materials using a heterogeneous Low Ordered Biosilicified Enzyme as biocatalyst

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Orlando Ferrero ◽  
Edgar Maximiliano Sánchez Faba ◽  
Griselda Alejandra Eimer
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
High Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Pork Fat

Abstract Background: Nowadays, as an alternative to the production of fuels and chemicals from the fossil platform, renewable feedstocks are widely investigated. For biomass conversion, a new generation of catalysts with specific characteristics such as high activity and selectivity, easy recovery and reusability is necessary. The design of highly efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts represents a challenge in this field, mainly to overcome current energy and environmental issues. The combination of enzymatic and heterogeneous inorganic catalysis generates an unprecedented platform that combines the advantages of both. Among the techniques for producing solid catalysts, enzymatic mineralization with an organic silicic precursor to obtain hybrid biocatalysts (biosilicification) is highlighted. This technique can provide exceptional stability to the biocatalyst in drastic conditions of use.Results: Then, under these criteria, this work presents the one-step synthesis of a solid enzymatic catalyst, denominated Low Ordered Biosilicified Enzyme (LOBE) due to their structural properties. Pseudomonas Fluorescens lipase forms aggregates that are contained in the heart of a silicon-covered micelle, providing active sites with the ability to process different raw materials (commercial sunflower and soybean oil, Jatropha excisa oil, waste frying oil, residual soybeans, and pork fat) to produce first and second generation biodiesel. Obtaining yields between 81 and 93% by weight depending on the used raw material.Conclusions: Therefore, refined, non-edible and residual oils (with high water and free fatty acid contents) can be transformed into biodiesel through LOBE catalysts with commercial ethanol as co-substrate.

scholarly journals Calcium oxide based catalysts for biodiesel production: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljka Kesic ◽  
Ivana Lukic ◽  
Miodrag Zdujic ◽  
Ljiljana Mojovic ◽  
Dejan Skala
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Complex Catalyst ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Mild Temperature

Vegetable oils are mainly esters of fatty acids and glycerol, which can be converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also known as biodiesel, by the transesterification reaction with methanol. In order to attain environmental benignity, a large attention has been focused in the last decades on utilizing heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production instead the homogenously catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil. The pure CaO or CaO mixed with some other metal oxide due to its low solubility in methanol, FAME and glycerol, low cost and availability is one of the most promising among the proposed heterogeneous catalysts. Solid catalysts which contain CaO usually fulfill a number of important requirements, such as high activity at mild temperature, marginal leaching of Ca cations, long life activity, reusability in transesterification of vegetable oil and easy recovery from the final products of transesterification (FAME and glycerol). This review is focused to the recent application of pure CaO or CaO in complex catalyst structure and their use as heterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel synthesis and suitability for industrial application.

scholarly journals Probing the Catalytic Efficiency of Supported Heteropoly Acids for Esterification: Effect of Weak Catalyst Support Interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Alsalme ◽  
Aliyah A. Alsharif ◽  
Hamda Al-Enizi ◽  
Mujeeb Khan ◽  
Saad G. Alshammari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Supported Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Heteropoly Acids ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Activity

Supported heteropoly acids are an interesting class of solid acid catalysts which possess flexible structure and super acidic properties essentially required for the oil-based biodiesel production. In this study, a series of catalysts containing 25 wt.% of heteropolytungstate (HPW) supported on various clays or SiO2 were prepared, and their catalytic efficiency was evaluated for esterification of acetic acid with heptanol. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques including FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and BET. The catalytic efficiency of both bulk and supported HPW catalysts for the esterification activity strongly depends on the type of support and amount of catalyst; the bulk HPW catalyst and the catalyst supported by kaolinite with 25 wt.% of HPW exhibited highest activity. In order to study the effect of temperature on conversion, all the catalysts were subjected to different reaction temperatures. It was revealed that esterification activity of both bulk and supported HPW catalysts strongly depends upon the temperature variations of the reaction. Besides, the effect of leaching of active sites on the catalysts performance for biodiesel production was also evaluated by inductively coupled plasma studies (ICP). The kaolinite-supported catalyst (25% HPW/kaolinite) demonstrated higher amount of leaching which is also confirmed by the significant decrease in its catalytic activity when it is used for the second time. However, the higher activity demonstrated by HPW/kaolinite maybe because of some homogeneous reaction indicating a weak catalyst support interaction (WCSI) resulting in the leaching of the catalyst during the test. Furthermore, the effects of other reaction variables such as catalyst loading and reaction time on the conversion of acetic acid were also studied.

scholarly journals Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Microalgal Oil—A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Mohammed O. Faruque ◽  
Shaikh A. Razzak ◽  
Mohammad M. Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Microalgal Oil ◽  
Solid Catalysts

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increased environmental concerns related to fossil fuel production and combustion has forced the global communities to search for renewable fuels. In this regard, microalgae-based biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternatives. Biodiesel production from the cultivation of microalgae is eco-friendly and sustainable. Moreover, microalgae have several advantages over other bioenergy sources, including their good photosynthetic capacity and faster growth rates. The productivity of microalgae per unit land area is also significantly higher than that of terrestrial plants. The produced microalgae biomass is rich with high quality lipids, which can be converted into biodiesel by transesterification reactions. Generally, the transesterification reactions are carried out in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. The homogeneous catalysts have many disadvantages, including their single use, slow reaction rate and saponification issues due to the presence of fatty acids in the feedstock. The acidic nature of the homogeneous catalysts also causes equipment corrosion. On the other hand, the heterogeneous catalysts offer several advantages, including their reusability, higher reaction rate and selectivity, easy product/catalyst separation and low cost. Due to these facts, the development of solid phase transesterification catalysts have been receiving growing interest. The present review is focused on the use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from microalgal oil as a reliable feedstock with a comparison to other available feedstocks. It also highlights optimal reaction conditions for maximum biodiesel yields, reusability of the solid catalysts, cost, and environmental impact. The superior lipid content of microalgae and the efficient concurrent esterification and transesterification of the solid acid−base catalysts can offer new advancements in biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Calcium Oxide Derived from Waste Shells of Mussel, Cockle, and Scallop as the Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Nattawut Chaiyut ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong ◽  
Phatsakon Worawanitchaphong ◽  
Sarinthip Trongyong
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Waste Shell ◽  
Calcination Method

The waste shell was utilized as a bioresource of calcium oxide (CaO) in catalyzing a transesterification to produce biodiesel (methyl ester). The economic and environmen-friendly catalysts were prepared by a calcination method at 700–1,000°C for 4 h. The heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Reusability of waste shell catalyst was also examined. The results indicated that the CaO catalysts derived from waste shell showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of palm oil with methanol.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production over Niobium-Containing Catalysts: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5506
Author(s):  
Daniel Carreira Batalha ◽  
Márcio José da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
High Catalytic Activity

Nowadays, the synthesis of biofuels from renewable raw materials is very popular. Among the various challenges involved in improving these processes, environmentally benign catalysts compatible with an inexpensive feedstock have become more important. Herein, we report the recent advances achieved in the development of Niobium-containing heterogeneous catalysts as well as their use in routes to produce biodiesel. The efficiency of different Niobium catalysts in esterification and transesterification reactions of lipids and oleaginous raw materials was evaluated, considering the effect of main reaction parameters such as temperature, time, catalyst load, and oil:alcohol molar ratio on the biodiesel yield. The catalytic performance of Niobium compounds was discussed considering the characterization data obtained by different techniques, including NH3-TPD, BET, and Pyr-FT-IR analysis. The high catalytic activity is attributed to its inherent properties, such as the active sites distribution over a high specific surface area, strength of acidity, nature, amount of acidic sites, and inherent mesoporosity. On top of this, recycling experiments have proven that most Niobium catalysts are stable and can be repeatedly used with consistent catalytic activity.

scholarly journals Significance of the structural properties of CaO catalyst in the production of biodiesel: An effect on the reduction of greenhouse gases emission

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radomir Ljupkovic ◽  
Radoslav Micic ◽  
Milan Tomic ◽  
Niko Radulovic ◽  
Aleksandar Bojic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Short Contact Time ◽  
Surface Basicity

The influence of the physicochemical properties of a series of CaO catalysts activated at different temperatures on the biodiesel production was investigated. These catalysts show dissimilar yields in the transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. We have found significant relationships between structural properties (the type of the pore system, the typical CaO crystal phase and the sizes of crystallites (up to 25 nm), the minimal weight percentage of CaO phase, the total surface basicity and potential existence of two types of basic active sites) of CaO prepared and activated by means of thermal treatment at highest temperature and catalytic efficiency. Benefits of this catalyst are short contact time, standard operating temperature and atmospheric conditions, relatively low molar ratios and small catalyst loading. These all together resulted in a very high biodiesel yield of high purity. The properties of different biodiesel (obtained with the use of the prepared CaO catalyst) blends with different diesel and biodiesel ratios indicate that the higher the fraction of biodiesel fuel the better the achieved fuel properties according to the EU standards. A significant reduction of CO2 and CO emissions and only a negligible NOx increase occurred when blends with an increased biodiesel portion was used. The use of biodiesel derived blends, and the eventual complete replacement of fossil fuels with biodiesel as a renewable, alternative fuel for diesel engines, would greatly contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions.

scholarly journals Oyster andPyramidellaShells as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production fromJatropha curcasOil

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Tidarat Rattanapan ◽  
Chalida Boonrin ◽  
Chosita Wechayan ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Waste Shell

Microwave-assisted biodiesel production via transesterification ofJatropha curcasoil with methanol using solid oxide catalyst derived from waste shells of oyster andPyramidellawas studied. The shells were calcined at 900°C for 2 h and calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Reusability of waste shell catalyst was also examined. The results indicated that the economic and environmentally friendly catalysts derived from oyster andPyramidellashells showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification ofJatropha curcasoil with methanol.

scholarly journals Reflections on the value of electron microscopy in the study of heterogeneous catalysts

2017 ◽  
Vol 473 (2197) ◽  
pp. 20160714 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Meurig Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Valence States ◽  
Ac Transmission

Electron microscopy (EM) is arguably the single most powerful method of characterizing heterogeneous catalysts. Irrespective of whether they are bulk and multiphasic, or monophasic and monocrystalline, or nanocluster and even single-atom and on a support, their structures in atomic detail can be visualized in two or three dimensions, thanks to high-resolution instruments, with sub-Ångstrom spatial resolutions. Their topography, tomography, phase-purity, composition, as well as the bonding, and valence-states of their constituent atoms and ions and, in favourable circumstances, the short-range and long-range atomic order and dynamics of the catalytically active sites, can all be retrieved by the panoply of variants of modern EM. The latter embrace electron crystallography, rotation and precession electron diffraction, X-ray emission and high-resolution electron energy-loss spectra (EELS). Aberration-corrected (AC) transmission (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have led to a revolution in structure determination. Environmental EM is already playing an increasing role in catalyst characterization, and new advances, involving special cells for the study of solid catalysts in contact with liquid reactants, have recently been deployed.

A Two-Step Heterogeneous Catalyzed Process for Biodiesel Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
Xiang Ji ◽  
Shao Min Zhang ◽  
Lu Cai
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts

Heterogeneous catalysts not only can provide as much reactive activity as homogeneous catalysts but they are very much more environmentally benign.This paper introduced a two-step catalyzed process for biodiesel production from low-quality feedstocks, then emphatically reviewed various heterogeneous acid catalysts for pre-esterification and base catalysts for transesterification during this process.

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