scholarly journals Effect of Pressures and Durations of Cupping Therapy on Skin Blood Flow Responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Wang ◽  
Xueyan Zhang ◽  
Jeannette Elliott ◽  
Fuyuan Liao ◽  
Jing Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Cupping Therapy ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Specific Guideline ◽  
Musculoskeletal Impairments ◽  
Negative Pressures ◽  
Healthy Participants

Cupping therapy has been widely used in treating musculoskeletal impairments. However, there is no specific guideline on selecting the intensity of cupping therapy, including the pressure and duration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different pressures and durations of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses. A 2 × 2 factorial design, including two negative pressures at −225 and −300 mmHg and two durations at 5 and 10 min, was tested in 12 healthy participants. The four protocols of cupping therapy were tested in four different days. Skin blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry on the left triceps (the SJ12 acupoint). Skin blood flow after cupping therapy was expressed as a ratio of skin blood flow before cupping therapy. The results showed that −300 mmHg caused a significant increase in peak skin blood flow (16.7 ± 2.6 times) compared to −225 mmHg (11.1 ± 2.2 times, p < 0.05) under 5-min duration. The largest difference in skin blood flow is between −300 mmHg for 5 min (16.7 ± 2.6 times) and −225 mmHg for 10 min (8.1 ± 2.3 times, p < 0.01). Our findings demonstrated that a higher value (300 mmHg) of negative pressure is more effective on increasing skin blood flow compared to a lower value (225 mmHg). Also, a shorter duration (5 min) causes a larger peak and total skin blood flow compared to a longer duration (10 min). This study provides the first evidence showing the effect of pressures and durations of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses.

Using reactive hyperemia to investigate the effect of cupping sizes of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Xiangfeng He ◽  
Xueyan Zhang ◽  
Fuyuan Liao ◽  
Li He ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Cupping Therapy ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Hyperemic Response

BACKGROUND: Various cupping sizes of cupping therapy have been used in managing musculoskeletal conditions; however, the effect of cupping sizes on skin blood flow (SBF) responses is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of three cupping sizes of cupping therapy on SBF responses. METHODS: Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure SBF on the triceps in 12 healthy participants in this repeated measures study. Three cup sizes (35, 40 and 45 mm in diameter) were blinded to the participants and were tested at -300 mmHg for 5 minutes. Reactive hyperemic response to cupping therapy was expressed as a ratio of baseline SBF. RESULTS: All three sizes of cupping cups resulted in a significant increase in peak SBF (p< 0.001). Peak SBF of the 45 mm cup (9.41 ± 1.32 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup (5.62 ± 1.42 times, p< 0.05). Total SBF of the 45 mm cup ((24.33 ± 8.72) × 103 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup ((8.05 ± 1.63) × 103 times, p< 0.05). Recovery time of the 45 mm cup (287.46 ± 39.54 seconds) was significantly longer than the 35 mm cup (180.12 ± 1.42 seconds, p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that all three cup sizes can significantly increase SBF. The 45 mm cup is more effective in increasing SBF compared to the 35 mm cup.

scholarly journals Minimal role for H1 and H2 histamine receptors in cutaneous thermal hyperemia to local heating in humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett J. Wong ◽  
Sarah J. Williams ◽  
Christopher T. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Histamine Receptor ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Histamine Receptor Antagonist ◽  
And Control

The precise mechanism(s) underlying the thermal hyperemic response to local heating of human skin are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential role for H1 and H2 histamine-receptor activation in this response. Two groups of six subjects participated in two separate protocols and were instrumented with three microdialysis fibers on the ventral forearm. In both protocols, sites were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments. In protocol 1, sites received 1) 500 μM pyrilamine maleate (H1-receptor antagonist), 2) 10 mM l-NAME to inhibit nitric oxide synthase, and 3) 500 μM pyrilamine with 10 mM NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). In protocol 2, sites received 1) 2 mM cimetidine (H2 antagonist), 2) 10 mM l-NAME, and 3) 2 mM cimetidine with 10 mM l-NAME. A fourth site served as a control site (no microdialysis fiber). Skin sites were locally heated from a baseline of 33 to 42°C at a rate of 0.5°C/5 s, and skin blood flow was monitored using laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Cutaneous vascular conductance was calculated as LDF/mean arterial pressure. To normalize skin blood flow to maximal vasodilation, microdialysis sites were perfused with 28 mM sodium nitroprusside, and control sites were heated to 43°C. In both H1 and H2 antagonist studies, no differences in initial peak or secondary plateau phase were observed between control and histamine-receptor antagonist only sites or between l-NAME and l-NAME with histamine receptor antagonist. There were no differences in nadir response between l-NAME and l-NAME with histamine-receptor antagonist. However, the nadir response in H1 antagonist sites was significantly reduced compared with control sites, but there was no effect of H2 antagonist on the nadir response. These data suggest only a modest role for H1-receptor activation in the cutaneous response to local heating as evidenced by a diminished nadir response and no role for H2-receptor activation.

Skin blood flow responses during sleep by laser Doppler flowmetry

1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasufumi Shiihara ◽  
Akihisa Hirota ◽  
Yosinari Kobayashi ◽  
Toshiyuki Nakamiya ◽  
Masahisa Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Synchronous and baroceptor-sensitive oscillations in skin microcirculation: evidence for central autonomic control

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. H1867-H1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Bernardi ◽  
Daniel Hayoz ◽  
René Wenzel ◽  
Claudio Passino ◽  
Alessandro Calciati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Sympathetic Modulation ◽  
Baroreflex Stimulation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spontaneous Fluctuations

To determine whether skin blood flow is local or takes part in general regulatory mechanisms, we recorded laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF; left and right index fingers), blood pressure, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), R-R interval, and respiration in 10 healthy volunteers and 3 subjects after sympathectomy. We evaluated 1) the synchronism of LDF fluctuations in two index fingers, 2) the relationship with autonomically mediated fluctuations in other signals, and 3) the LDF ability to respond to arterial baroreflex stimulation (by neck suction at frequencies from 0.02 to 0.20 Hz), using spectral analysis (autoregressive uni- and bivariate, time-variant algorithms). Synchronous LDF fluctuations were observed in the index fingers of healthy subjects but not in sympathectomized patients. LDF fluctuations were coherent with those obtained for blood pressure, MSNA, and R-R interval. LDF fluctuations were leading blood pressure in the low-frequency (LF; 0.1 Hz) band and lagging in the respiratory, high-frequency (HF; ∼0.25 Hz) band, suggesting passive “downstream” transmission only for HF and “upstream” transmission for LF from the microvessels. LDF fluctuations were responsive to sinusoidal neck suction up to 0.1 Hz, indicating response to sympathetic modulation. Skin blood flow thus reflects modifications determined by autonomic activity, detectable by frequency analysis of spontaneous fluctuations.

Effect of continuous negative-pressure breathing on skin blood flow during exercise in a hot environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1845-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Nagashima ◽  
Hiroshi Nose ◽  
Akira Takamata ◽  
Taketoshi Morimoto
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Pressure Breathing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors

To assess the impact of continuous negative-pressure breathing (CNPB) on the regulation of skin blood flow, we measured forearm blood flow (FBF) by venous-occlusion plethysmography and laser-Doppler flow (LDF) at the anterior chest during exercise in a hot environment (ambient temperature = 30°C, relative humidity = ∼30%). Seven male subjects exercised in the upright position at an intensity of 60% peak oxygen consumption rate for 40 min with and without CNPB after 20 min of exercise. The esophageal temperature (Tes) in both conditions increased to 38.1°C by the end of exercise, without any significant differences between the two trials. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased by ∼15 mmHg by 8 min of exercise, without any significant difference between the two trials before CNPB. However, CNPB reduced MAP by ∼10 mmHg after 24 min of exercise ( P < 0.05). The increase in FBF and LDF in the control condition leveled off after 18 min of exercise above a Tes of 37.7°C, whereas in the CNPB trial the increase continued, with a rise in Tes despite the decrease in MAP. These results suggest that CNPB enhances vasodilation of skin above a Tes of ∼38°C by stretching intrathoracic baroreceptors such as cardiopulmonary baroreceptors.

Skin blood flow during acute stress in elderly essential hypertensive patients -A laser doppler flowmetry study-

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
H. Mitsubayashi ◽  
M. Watanabe ◽  
H. Kawamura ◽  
T. Inoue ◽  
T. Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Hypertensive Patients

Evaluation of stellate ganglion block on auricular skin blood flow by laser-doppler flowmetry

1995 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-136
Author(s):  
Kenji Imai ◽  
Keisou Ishimaru ◽  
Masahiro Iwa ◽  
Toshikatsu Kitade ◽  
Sadayuki Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Stellate Ganglion ◽  
Stellate Ganglion Block ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Ganglion Block ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Developing and Validating a Sham Cupping Device

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myeong Soo Lee ◽  
Jong-In Kim ◽  
Jae Cheol Kong ◽  
Dong-Hyo Lee ◽  
Byung-Cheul Shin
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Cupping Therapy ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Inner Pressure ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Healthy Participants

Objectives The aims of this study were to develop a sham cupping device and to validate its use as a placebo control for healthy volunteers. Methods A sham cupping device was developed by establishing a small hole to reduce the negative pressure after suction such that inner pressure could not be maintained in the cup. We enrolled 34 healthy participants to evaluate the validity of the sham cupping device as a placebo control. The participants were informed that they would receive either real or sham cupping and were asked which treatment they thought they had received. Other sensations and adverse events related to cupping therapy were investigated. Results 17 patients received real cupping therapy and 17 received sham cupping. The two groups felt similar sensations. There was a tendency for subjects to feel that real cupping created a stronger sensation than sham cupping (48.9±21.4 vs 33.3±20.3 on a 100mm visual analogue scale). There were only mild to moderate adverse events observed in both groups. Conclusion We developed a new sham cupping device that seems to provide a credible control for real cupping therapy by producing little or no negative pressure. This conclusion was supported by a pilot study, but more rigorous research is warranted regarding the use of this device.

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