scholarly journals Neuroinflammation and Scarring After Spinal Cord Injury: Therapeutic Roles of MSCs on Inflammation and Glial Scar

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi-Ming Pang ◽  
Si-Yu Chen ◽  
Qi-Jing Xu ◽  
Sheng-Ping Fu ◽  
Yi-Chun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
Response Current ◽  
Therapy Strategies

Transected axons are unable to regenerate after spinal cord injury (SCI). Glial scar is thought to be responsible for this failure. Regulating the formation of glial scar post-SCI may contribute to axonal regrow. Over the past few decades, studies have found that the interaction between immune cells at the damaged site results in a robust and persistent inflammatory response. Current therapy strategies focus primarily on the inhibition of subacute and chronic neuroinflammation after the acute inflammatory response was executed. Growing evidences have documented that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engraftment can be served as a promising cell therapy for SCI. Numerous studies have shown that MSCs transplantation can inhibit the excessive glial scar formation as well as inflammatory response, thereby facilitating the anatomical and functional recovery. Here, we will review the effects of inflammatory response and glial scar formation in spinal cord injury and repair. The role of MSCs in regulating neuroinflammation and glial scar formation after SCI will be reviewed as well.

scholarly journals Importance of the vasculature in cyst formation after spinal cord injury

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma E. Rooney ◽  
Toshiki Endo ◽  
Syed Ameenuddin ◽  
Bingkun Chen ◽  
Sandeep Vaishya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Cystic Formation ◽  
Dural Closure ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Cord Injury

Object Glial scar and cystic formation greatly contribute to the inhibition of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). Attempts to promote axonal regeneration are extremely challenging in this type of hostile environment. The objective of this study was to examine the surgical methods that may be used to assess the factors that influence the level of scar and cystic formation in SCI. Methods In the first part of this study, a complete transection was performed at vertebral level T9–10 in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. The dura mater was either left open (control group) or was closed using sutures or hyaluronic acid. In the second part of the study, complete or subpial transection was performed, with the same dural closure technique applied to both groups. Histological analysis of longitudinal sections of the spinal cord was performed, and the percentage of scar and cyst formation was determined. Results Dural closure using sutures resulted in significantly less glial scar formation (p = 0.0248), while incorporation of the subpial transection surgical technique was then shown to significantly decrease cyst formation (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In this study, the authors demonstrated the importance of the vasculature in cyst formation after spinal cord trauma and confirmed the importance of dural closure in reducing glial scar formation.

scholarly journals Extrinsic and Intrinsic Regulation of Axon Regeneration by MicroRNAs after Spinal Cord Injury

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Zhao-Qian Teng ◽  
Chang-Mei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Spinal cord injury is a devastating disease which disrupts the connections between the brain and spinal cord, often resulting in the loss of sensory and motor function below the lesion site. Most injured neurons fail to regenerate in the central nervous system after injury. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the general failure of axonal regeneration after injury. MicroRNAs can modulate multiple genes’ expression and are tightly controlled during nerve development or the injury process. Evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs and their signaling pathways play important roles in mediating axon regeneration and glial scar formation after spinal cord injury. This article reviews the role and mechanism of differentially expressed microRNAs in regulating axon regeneration and glial scar formation after spinal cord injury, as well as their therapeutic potential for promoting axonal regeneration and repair of the injured spinal cord.

scholarly journals The Participation of Endogenous ET-1 in Glial Scar formation after Spinal Cord Injury

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Masafumi Uesugi ◽  
Yoshitoshi Kasuva ◽  
Hiroshi Hama ◽  
Tomoh Masaki ◽  
Katsutoshi Goto
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Cord Injury

scholarly journals Differential temporal expression of matrix metalloproteinases after spinal cord injury: relationship to revascularization and wound healing

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staci Goussev ◽  
Jung-Yu C. Hsu ◽  
Yong Lin ◽  
Tjoson Tjoa ◽  
Nino Maida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Gelatin Zymography ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-9/gelatinase B, promote early inflammation and barrier disruption after spinal cord injury (SCI). Early blockade of MMPs after injury provides neuroprotection and improves motor outcome. There is recent evidence, however, that MMP-9 and MMP-2/gelatinase A participate in later wound healing in the injured cord. The authors therefore examined the activity of these gelatinases during revascularization and glial scar formation in the contused murine spinal cord. Methods. Gelatinase activity was evaluated using gelatin zymography 24 hours after a mild, moderate, or severe contusion injury. The active form of MMP-2 was not detected, whereas MMP-9 activity was evident in all SCI groups and rose with increasing injury severity. The temporal expression of gelatinases was then examined using gelatin zymography after a moderate SCI. The active form of MMP-9 was most prominent at 1 day, extended through the early period of revascularization, and returned to control by 14 days. The active form of MMP-2 appeared at 7 days postinjury and remained elevated compared with that documented in sham-treated mice for at least 21 days. Increased MMP-2 activity coincided with both revascularization and glial scar formation. Using in situ zymography, gelatinolytic activity was detected in the meninges, vascular elements, glia, and macrophage-like cells in the injured cord. Results of immunolabeling confirmed the presence of gelatinase in vessels during revascularization and in reactive astrocytes associated with glial scar formation. Conclusions. These findings suggest that although MMP-9 and -2 exhibit overlapping expression during revascularization, the former is associated with acute injury responses and the latter with formation of a glial scar.

The role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in glial scar formation following spinal cord injury

2016 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hong Chen ◽  
Chun-Sung Sung ◽  
Shi-Ying Huang ◽  
Chien-Wei Feng ◽  
Han-Chun Hung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Mtor Pathway ◽  
Cord Injury

scholarly journals Activation of Embryonic Intermediate Filaments Contributes to Glial Scar Formation after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Hyun Kim ◽  
Seung Dam Heo ◽  
Mee Jung Ahn ◽  
Ki Bum Sim ◽  
Tae Kyun Shin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Cord Injury
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