scholarly journals Credit Systems for Bycatch and Biodiversity Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Squires ◽  
Rebecca Lent ◽  
Peter H. Dutton ◽  
Laurent Dagorn ◽  
Lisa T. Ballance
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bycatch Reduction ◽  
Groundfish Fishery ◽  
Operator Behavior

Credit systems for mitigation of bycatch and habitat impact, incentive-based approaches, incentivize changes in fishery operator behavior and decision-making and allow flexibility in a least-cost method. Three types of credit systems, originally developed to address environmental pollution, are presented and evaluated as currently underutilized incentive-based approaches. The first, a cap-and-trade approach, evolved out of direct regulation through restricted limits with flexibility through the creation of tradeable unused portion of the limit, called credits. The second, a penalty-reward system, incentivizes bycatch- and habit-impact- reducing vessel behavior through rewards for positive behavior, and penalties for negative behavior. The third is a hybrid of the first two. All three systems can be used in the context of both absolute (fixed) and relative (rate-based or proportional) credits. Transferable habitat impact credit systems are developed for area management. The cap-and-trade credit system is directly compared to a comparable property rights system in terms of characteristics, strengths, weakness, and applicability. The Scottish Conservation Scheme and halibut bycatch reduction in the Alaskan multispecies groundfish fishery provide real-world examples of success with credit systems. The strengths, weaknesses, and applicability of credit systems are summarized, along with a set of recommendations. Cap-and-trade credit systems provide an important alternative to property rights, such as when rights are not feasible, and for this reason should prove useful for international fisheries. Penalty-reward and hybrid credit systems can substitute for cap-and-trade credit systems or property rights or complement them by addressing a related but otherwise unaddressed issue.

Property rights, trade credit and entrepreneurial activity in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Yano ◽  
Maho Shiraishi ◽  
Haiqing Hu
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity

A CREDIT EVALUATION IN E-BUSINESS THROUGH GAME THEORY

2007 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOHONG LIU ◽  
DA RUAN ◽  
TIANRUI LI
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Credit Evaluation ◽  
Motivation Model

The security of both technical and trade credit factors becomes a serious bottleneck that affects the current development of e-business. Honest behavior is one of the important aspects of trade credit safety. It is a vital step to establish and maintain a safe credit system. In this paper, we analyze the characteristic of the credit in e-business and establish a motivation model that violates honest behavior in e-business. We evaluate the credit, the mode of evaluation and the behavior of the credit in e-business by using game theory. We present the factors that affect the justness of credit evaluation in e-business.

scholarly journals Digital Library and Intellectual Issues—Issues in Copyright and Intellectual Property

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Mohammad Niqresh
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Digital Library ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Information Resources ◽  
Digital Resources ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Web

The study aims at identifying the concept of digital library, it also tries to shed the light on the most significant intellectual issues by presenting its definition, development, functions (selection and acquisition of information resources from the web, sources indexing, communication and management of intellectual property rights, production of electronic resources and its availability, and digital resources maintaining), characteristics, and the purpose of turning into digital library, passed by the proposed stages of digital library transition, Types of Intellectual Property (Copyright, Patents, Trademarks, Commercial Secrets), it also discusses copyrights and intellectual property, the problems and challenges of digital library, and finally the future of digital library. Many researchers agree that the main objective of the digital library is to accomplish all the functions of the traditional library, but in the form of electronic digital libraries which are only an extension for jobs that are performed and the resources that are accessible in digital library. The study concluded that digital libraries emerged as an obligatory result of revolution of the third millennium which is called the communications revolution, as libraries are able to prove that they are able to stand and cope with all the modern technology, where there is no conflict between the new and modern trends in libraries issue, but it also benefits from both of them concerning their evolution instruments in service for beneficiaries in every time and place.

UPOREDNI PRIKAZ HRVATSKOG I SLOVENAČKOG PRAVA GRAĐENjA

Glasnik prava ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Edina Kočan
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Construction Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The author presents a comparative legal analysis of the segments of construction law in Croatian and Slovenian law, with the aim of pointing out the differences that exist between them. Considering that this is a relatively new legal institute, which was somewhat earlier standardized in Slovenian law in relation to Croatian law, in the introductory exposition, a brief review was made of the occurrence of the construction law and the reasons for earlier non-regulation. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the stipulations of Act on ownership and Property Code of the Republic of Slovenia. This part refers to the conceptual definition of the construction law, in order to classify it in a certain broader unit, to which it belongs - genus proximum - searching for the closest relative, emphasizing the important characteristics that make it specific in relation to other property rights. In the third part of the paper, the author analyses the stipulations related to the subject of building rights, with reference to the dilemmas that exist in that sense, both in Croatian and Slovenian jurisprudence, as well as in the legal science of some other countries. The fourth part of the paper is dedicated to the stipulations that regulate the acquisition and duration of construction rights. Considering that derivative acquisition, among other things, characterizes the existence of bases and ways of acquisition, first possible bases of acquisition are presented, and then entry in appropriate public books as a way of acquiring this right and its duration. The concluding part of the paper summarizes the results of the analysis and evaluates the considered legal solutions, with the presentation of reasoned objections to the existing regulations, all with the aim of eventual amendment of the right to build in the legal systems in question.

1. Introduction to Property and Land

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Martin George ◽  
Antonia Layard
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Personal Property ◽  
The Third ◽  
English Law ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ownership Rights

Land is an important commodity in society that it is both permanent and indestructible, two features which distinguish it from other forms of property. More than one person can have a relationship with the land and share the right to possess it. The right to possess a land is known as ownership right, but it is also common for people to have enforceable rights in other people’s land. This is the third party right, an example of which is where the owner of a house in a residential area agrees with neighbours that the house will only be used as a residence. This chapter discusses land and property rights, ownership rights, third party rights, and conveyancing. It also examines the distinction in English law between real property and personal property, the meaning of land, items attached to the land, fixtures and fittings, and incorporeal hereditaments.

scholarly journals APPLICATOIN OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TRUST IN THE LAND REGISTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DISPOSITION OF MARITAL ASSETS

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
Hamid Mutapčić ◽  
Esad Oruč
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Correct Position ◽  
Marital Partner ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Relation ◽  
Definition Of

By entering into effect of the new Entity laws on the land registry, a new definition of the principle of trust is introduced, a definition that aims at the protection of the rights that have been acquired on the basis of incorrect or incomplete land registry status. However, the question arises of whether the third conscientious person will have any protection regarding the acquisition of property rights on real estate that is a part of marital assets, when such real estate is recorded in the land registry only belonging to one marital partner. In the legal theory and jurisprudence the issue of validity of the legal relation regarding the sale and the burdening of such real estate by the registered right holder has been raised. Bearing in mind the fact that in our legal system the principle of causal tradition is applied, coming to the correct position on this legal issue is very significant. Further scientific research in this area is of particular importance due to the ongoing process of the reform of land registry law, whose purpose is the reaffirmation of the land registry and the creation of legal presumptions for a faster and simpler legal disposition of real estate.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Optimal Policy of Some Inventory System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3219-3223
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Fuzzy System ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Inventory System ◽  
Inventory Systems ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fuzzy Parameters

Inventory management is a very important function that determines the health of the supply chain as well as the impacts the financial health of the balance sheet. Each and every organization implements different types of inventory systems to maintain optimum inventory to be able to meet its requirements and avoid over or under inventory that can impact the financial figures. The Inventory system is always dynamic. So with the help of fuzzy system it tries to develop a robust inventory model which will involve trade credit system assuming with cost fuzzy parameters. I

Multiple Embeddedness and Systemic Implications: Struggles over Natural Resources in Minangkabau since the Reformasi

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz von Benda-Beckmann ◽  
Keebet von Benda-Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
West Sumatra

AbstractThis article deals with struggles over natural resources in West Sumatra, the homeland of the Minangkabau after the end of the Suharto regime in 1998. In these processes, actors often follow ambiguous strategies in pursuing their interests. We argue that these ambiguities to a large extent derive from a combination of factors: One is the multiple embeddedness of property rights at different layers of social organisations, in particular in social and general legal relationships. The second is the systemic implication of property rights in other domains of social organisation, for instance, authority and power relations. The third is the specific complexity and concomitant legal insecurity within plural legal orders. Actors who draw on rules from different legal orders — for designing regulations, for validating transactions, and for making decisions in disputes — have to deal with the problem that property relations are embedded differently in different legal orders and have different logics and systemic implications. This often leads actors to a strange combination of highly legalistic reasoning and a very pragmatic search for solutions.

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