scholarly journals Diversity and Distribution of Uncultured and Cultured Gaiellales and Rubrobacterales in South China Sea Sediments

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rou-Wen Chen ◽  
Yuan-Qiu He ◽  
Lin-Qing Cui ◽  
Cun Li ◽  
Song-Biao Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
The Status ◽  
Specific Culture ◽  
Culture Strategy

Actinobacteria are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems, and they are regarded as an important, underexplored, potential pharmaceutical resource. The orders Gaiellales and Rubrobacterales are deep taxonomic lineages of the phylum Actinobacteria, both are represented by a single genus and contain only a few species. Although they have been detected frequently by high-throughput sequencing, their functions and characteristics in marine habitats remain unknown due to the lack of indigenous phenotypes. Here, we investigated the status of the orders in South China Sea (SCS) sediments using culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. Gaiellales is the second-most abundant order of Actinobacteria and was widely distributed in SCS sediments at water depths of 42–4,280 m, and four novel marine representatives in this group were successfully cultured. Rubrobacterales was present at low abundance in energy-limited marine habitats. An isolation strategy for Rubrobacterales from marine samples was proposed, and a total of 138 mesophilic Rubrobacterales strains were isolated under conditions of light and culture time combined with high-salinity or low-nutrient media. Marine representatives recovered in this study formed branches with a complex evolutionary history in the phylogenetic tree. Overall, the data indicate that both Gaiellales and Rubrobacterales can adapt to and survive in extreme deep-sea environments. This study lays the groundwork for further analysis of the distribution and diversity of the orders Gaiellales and Rubrobacterales in the ocean and provides a specific culture strategy for each group. The results open a window for further research on the ecological roles of the two orders in marine ecosystems.

scholarly journals The Status Of Maritime Militia In The South China Sea Under International Law Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novena Clementine Manullang ◽  
Achmad Gusman Siswandi ◽  
Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
International Law ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Status

The coral communities of Yongle atoll: status, threats and conservation significance for coral reefs in South China Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meixia Zhao ◽  
Kefu Yu ◽  
Qi Shi ◽  
Hongqiang Yang ◽  
Bernhard Riegl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
South China ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Reef Slope ◽  
Xisha Islands ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Coral Communities

Xisha Islands are in the central South China Sea and form one of the four large island groups in this region. They include more than 40 islands, reefs and cays, and have considerable ecological and biodiversity value, both intrinsically and as a source of larvae for coastal ecosystems throughout the South China Sea. Yongle atoll is the biggest and one of the most important atolls in the Xisha Islands. The detailed surveys of the marine habitats in the Yongle atoll were conducted from June to July 2013. This baseline survey revealed coral communities in a relatively healthy condition. Mean coral cover of different geomorphic habitats varied from 2 to 29%. Branching corals were most important, followed by encrusting and massive growth forms (48, 29 and 17% of coral cover). Pocillopora (29% of total cover in line transects), Porites (19%), Acropora (17%) and Montipora (16%) were the four dominant genera. Communities differentiated into four clusters, namely, lower reef slope, upper reef slope, outer reef flat, and inner reef flat and lagoon slope. This baseline investigation highlighted the ecological value of these reefs. Destructive fishing and overfishing are presently the most serious threats for these coral reefs. They should receive much more scientific and conservation attention.

scholarly journals The Diversity, Composition, and Putative Functions of Gill-Associated Bacteria of Bathymodiolin Mussel and Vesicomyid Clam from Haima Cold Seep, South China Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1699
Author(s):  
Juan Ling ◽  
Hongxiang Guan ◽  
Lihua Liu ◽  
Jun Tao ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Cold Seep ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cold Seeps ◽  
Element Cycling ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Vesicomyid Clam

The Haima cold seep, which is one of the two active cold seeps in the South China Sea, is known for its great ecological importance. The seep bivalves are assumed to depend mainly on their bacterial symbiosis for survival and growth. However, information on the bacterial diversity, composition, and putative function of gill-associated of dominant dwelling animals in Haima cold seep remain elusive. Herein, we adopted a high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, and function prediction methods (Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICURUSTs)) to purposely illustrate the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, composition, and putative functions of the symbionts in bathymodiolin mussel Gigantidas haimaensis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae: Gigantidas) and vesicomyid clam Archivesica marissinica (Bivalvia: Glossoidea: Vesicomyidae). The predominant microbes of both species were Proteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria on the phylum and class level, respectively. The taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of gill microbial communities in G. haimaensis were significantly different from those in A. marissinica (p < 0.05). Nine functional groups, including seven carbon-related biogeochemical groups, were identified through the FAPROTAX analysis. However, the most dominant groups for G. haimaensis and A. marissinica were both chemoheterotrophic. G. haimaensis and A. marissinica shared many pathways, however, 16 obtained Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologous groups (42.11%) significantly differed between the two species (p < 0.05). These findings would provide insight into the functions of microbes in the element cycling and energy flow as well as the host-symbiont relationship of bivalves in the Haima cold seep environment.

scholarly journals The Status of Coral Reefs and Its Importance for Coastal Protection: A Case Study of Northeastern Hainan Island, South China Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meixia Zhao ◽  
Haiyang Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhong ◽  
Dapeng Jiang ◽  
Guohui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
South China ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
The Status ◽  
Coral Communities

This study evaluated the status of coral communities at the fringing reefs in the northern South China Sea, and their potential role in maintaining nearby coastline stability of northeastern Hainan Island (Puqian Bay, Hainan Bay). Thirty-nine coral species were recorded with mean coral cover of 5.3%, and are dominated by massive Galaxea, Platygyra and Porites. The coral communities were clustered into two groups (Clu-HNB and Clu-PQB) corresponding to different stable coastal conditions. Coral communities at the Hainan Bay with higher diversity and greater cover corresponded to relatively stable coastline, whereas those at the southern Puqian Bay (with the lowest coral diversity and spatial coverage) corresponded to severe coastline erosion. This work provides some direct evidence that declined coral reefs would weaken their functions to maintain a stable coastline, resulting in severe coastal erosion. It is also useful to help coastal managers and local people pay more attention to the importance of coral reefs in coastal protection and encourage them to change their ways to get sustainable use of coral reef resources. It may be beneficial to inspire or initiate coastal engineering to manage coasts with natural coral reef solution.

Spatial shifts in size structure, phylogenetic diversity, community composition and abundance of small eukaryotic plankton in a coastal upwelling area of the northern South China Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahui Gong ◽  
Guihao Li ◽  
Yaping Wang ◽  
Qinyu Liu ◽  
Fangjuan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
South China ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Northern South China Sea ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Inner Shelf ◽  
Cell Abundance ◽  
China Sea

Abstract Summer upwelling off Hainan Island (northern South China Sea) is influenced by fresher coastal water masses. To assess the ecological effects of this complicated oceanography, a cruise was conducted in August 2016. We investigated the spatial patterns of phytoplankton size structure, diversity and quantity of small eukaryotes (0.2–20 μm) across the upwelling system. In the inner-shelf waters, nanophytoplankton contributed a higher proportion to phytoplankton biomass than microphytoplankton and picophytoplankton. High-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA genes and community analysis indicated that the horizontal variation in community structure of small eukaryotes was larger than the vertical. The relative sequence proportions of dinoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates and Micromonas in the surface layer gradually decreased from the inner shelf to the slope, whereas the Rhizaria, Bathycoccus and Ostreococcus exhibited an opposite trend. The spatial patterns of taxon-specific rDNA copy numbers were similar to the patterns based on the relative proportions. Redundancy analysis revealed that turbidity, salinity and ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ were the most important environmental variables in structuring the community of small eukaryotes. The cell abundance of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes was significantly correlated with the rDNA abundance of Mamiellophyceae and the cell abundance of nanoeukaryotes was significantly correlated with the rDNA abundance of dinoflagellates plus diatoms.

scholarly journals Archaeal communities in the deep-sea sediments of the South China Sea revealed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 839-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Li ◽  
Xinyuan Zhu ◽  
Weimin Zhang ◽  
Daochen Zhu ◽  
Xiaojian Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
South China ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Deep Sea Sediments ◽  
Archaeal Communities
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