scholarly journals Prefrontal-Striatal Mechanisms of Behavioral Impulsivity During Consumption of Delayed Real Liquid Rewards

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaka Misonou ◽  
Koji Jimura
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delayed Reward ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction ◽  
Anterior Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Behavioral Impulsivity

Intertemporal choice involves the evaluation of future rewards and reflects behavioral impulsivity. After choosing a delayed reward in an intertemporal choice, a behavioral agent waits for, receives, and then consumes the reward. The current study focused on the consumption of the delayed reward and examined the neural mechanisms of behavioral impulsivity. In humans consuming delayed real liquid rewards in an intertemporal choice, the ventral striatum (VS) showed differential activity between anterior (aVS) and posterior (pVS) regions depending on the degree of behavioral impulsivity. Additionally, impulsive individuals showed activity in the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC). An analysis of task-related effective connectivity based on psychophysiological interaction (PPI) revealed that PPI was robust from the aPFC to pVS, but not in the opposite direction. On the other hand, strong bidirectional PPIs were observed between the aVS and pVS, but PPIs from the pVS to aVS were enhanced in impulsive individuals. These results suggest that behavioral impulsivity is reflected in aPFC-VS mechanisms during the consumption of delayed real liquid rewards.

scholarly journals Optimal confidence for unaware visuomotor deviations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pereira ◽  
Rafal Skiba ◽  
Yann Cojan ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier ◽  
Indrit Begue
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Action Monitoring ◽  
Anterior Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Numerous studies have shown that humans can successfully correct deviations to ongoing movements without being aware of them, suggesting limited conscious monitoring of visuomotor performance. Here, we ask whether such limited monitoring impairs the capacity to judiciously place confidence ratings to reflect decision accuracy (metacognitive sensitivity). To this end, we recorded functional magnetic resonance imaging data while thirty-one participants reported visuomotor cursor deviations and rated their confidence retrospectively. We show that participants use a summary statistic of the unfolding visual feedback (the maximum cursor error) to detect deviations but that this information alone is insufficient to explain detection performance. The same summary statistics is used by participants to optimally adjust their confidence ratings, even for unaware deviations. At the neural level, activity in the ventral striatum tracked high confidence, whereas a broad network including the anterior prefrontal cortex encoded cursor error but not confidence, shedding new light on a role of the anterior prefrontal cortex for action monitoring rather than confidence. Together, our results challenge the notion of limited action monitoring and uncover a new mechanism by which humans optimally monitor their movements as they unfold, even when unaware of ongoing deviations.

Altered Resting-State Frontoparietal Control Network in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Yuan Lin ◽  
Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng ◽  
Meng-Chuan Lai ◽  
Kayako Matsuo ◽  
Susan Shur-Fen Gau
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Anterior Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
The Right ◽  
Frontoparietal Control Network

AbstractThe frontoparietal control network, anatomically and functionally interposed between the dorsal attention network and default mode network, underpins executive control functions. Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly exhibit deficits in executive functions, which are mainly mediated by the frontoparietal control network. Involvement of the frontoparietal control network based on the anterior prefrontal cortex in neurobiological mechanisms of ADHD has yet to be tested. We used resting-state functional MRI and seed-based correlation analyses to investigate functional connectivity of the frontoparietal control network in a sample of 25 children with ADHD (7–14 years; mean 9.94±1.77 years; 20 males), and 25 age-, sex-, and performance IQ-matched typically developing (TD) children. All participants had limited in-scanner head motion. Spearman’s rank correlations were used to test the associations between altered patterns of functional connectivity with clinical symptoms and executive functions, measured by the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test and Spatial Span in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Compared with TD children, children with ADHD demonstrated weaker connectivity between the right anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the right ventrolateral PFC, and between the left anterior PFC and the right inferior parietal lobule. Furthermore, this aberrant connectivity of the frontoparietal control network in ADHD was associated with symptoms of impulsivity and opposition-defiance, as well as impaired response inhibition and attentional control. The findings support potential integration of the disconnection model and the executive dysfunction model for ADHD. Atypical frontoparietal control network may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. (JINS, 2015, 21, 271–284)

In Vivo Effective Connectivity Between Mouse Ventral Hippocampal Projections and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Microcircuits

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. S121-S122
Author(s):  
David Kupferschmidt ◽  
Thomas Clarity ◽  
Rachel Mikofsky ◽  
Kirsten Gilchrist ◽  
Maxym Myroshnychenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Effective Connectivity

The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition

Nature ◽  
10.1038/20178 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 399 (6732) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Koechlin ◽  
Gianpaolo Basso ◽  
Pietro Pietrini ◽  
Seth Panzer ◽  
Jordan Grafman
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Anterior Prefrontal Cortex

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Methods of Producing Adaptation of Saccade Size and Implications for the Site of Plasticity

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Scudder ◽  
Ekatherina Y. Batourina ◽  
George S. Tunder
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Saccade Size ◽  
Orbital Position ◽  
One Step ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Visual Error

Scudder, Charles A., Ekatherina Y. Batourina, and George S. Tunder. Comparison of two methods of producing adaptation of saccade size and implications for the site of plasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 704–715, 1998. Saccade accuracy is known to be maintained by adaptive mechanisms that progressively reduce any visual error that consistently exists at the end of saccades. Experimentally, the visual error is induced using one of two paradigms. In the first, the horizontal and medial recti of trained monkeys are tenectomized and allowed to reattach so that both muscles are paretic. After patching the unoperated eye and forcing the monkey to use the “paretic eye,” saccades initially undershoot the intended target, but gradually increase in size until they almost acquire the target in one step. In the second, the target of a saccade is displaced in midsaccade so that the saccade cannot land on target. Again saccade size adapts until the target can be acquired in one step. Because adaptation with the latter paradigm is very rapid but adaptation using the former is slow, it has frequently been questioned whether or not the two forms of adaptation depend on the same neural mechanisms. We show that the rate of adaptation in both paradigms depends on the number of possible visual targets, so that when this variable is equated, adaptation occurs at similar rates in both paradigms. To demonstrate further similarities between the result of the two paradigms, an experiment using intrasaccadic displacements was conducted to show that rapid adaptation possesses the capacity to produce gain changes that vary with orbital position. The relative size of intrasaccadic displacements were graded with orbital position so as to mimic the position-dependent dysmetria initially produced by a single paretic extraocular muscle. Induced changes in saccade size paralleled the size of the displacements, being largest for saccades into one hemifield and being negligible for saccades into the other hemifield or in the opposite direction. Collectively, the data remove the rational for asserting that adaptation produced by the two paradigms depends on separate neural mechanisms. We argue that adaptation produced by both paradigms depends on the cerebellum.

Pathology, Phenomenology and the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Schizophrenic Symptom ◽  
Dopamine Hypothesis ◽  
Dopamine Innervation

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia implies that positive schizophrenic symptoms should be understandable by reference to brain structures receiving a dopamine innervation, or in terms of the functional role of dopamine itself. The basal ganglia, ventral striatum, septo-hippocampal system, and prefrontal cortex, sites of mesotelencephalic dopamine innervation, are examined and it is argued that their dysfunction could form the basis of particular schizophrenic symptom classes. The postulated involvement of dopamine in reinforcement processes might further assist such interpretations. This type of analysis can be extended to other categories of schizophrenic psychopathology.

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