control network
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GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna K. Hausman ◽  
Cheshire Hardcastle ◽  
Alejandro Albizu ◽  
Jessica N. Kraft ◽  
Nicole D. Evangelista ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinger Yu ◽  
Joy J. Geng

Theories of attention hypothesize the existence of an "attentional" or "target" template that contains task-relevant information in memory when searching for an object. The target template contributes to visual search by directing visual attention towards potential targets and serving as a decisional boundary for target identification. However, debate still exists regarding how template information is stored in the human brain. Here, we conducted a pattern-based fMRI study to assess how template information is encoded to optimize target-match decisions during visual search. To ensure that match decisions reflect visual search demands, we used a visual search paradigm in which all distractors were linearly separable but highly similar to the target and were known to shift the target representation away from the distractor features (Yu & Geng, 2019). In a separate match-to-sample probe task, we measured the target representation used for match decisions across two resting state networks that have long been hypothesized to maintain and control target information: the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) and the visual network (VisN). Our results showed that lateral prefrontal cortex in FPCN maintained the context-dependent "off-veridical" template; in contrast, VisN encoded a veridical copy of the target feature during match decisions. By using behavioral drift diffusion modeling, we verified that the decision criterion during visual search and the probe task relied on a common biased target template. Taken together, our results suggest that sensory-veridical information is transformed in lateral prefrontal cortex into an adaptive code of target-relevant information that optimizes decision processes during visual search.


2021 ◽  
pp. 028418512110572
Author(s):  
Wang Biao ◽  
Zuo Long ◽  
Zhou Yang ◽  
Gu Hua ◽  
Wang Shuangkun

Background Neuroimaging studies have shown that the brain is involved in the mechanism of overactive bladder disease (OAB). Purpose To explorer spatial patterns of spontaneous neural activities and functional integration in patients with OAB. Material and Methods In total, 28 patients with OAB and 28 matched healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and completed questionnaires to assess clinical symptoms. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and ROI-based functional connectivity (FC) within the brain-bladder control network (BBCN) were calculated and compared between the two groups using a two-sample t-test. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between ALFF and the clinical score of patients with OAB. Results Compared with HCs, patients with OAB exhibited significantly decreased ALFF in the left superior medial middle gyrus (SFGmed) and superior dorsal frontal gyrus (SFGdor), and increased ALFF in the right hippocampus. Furthermore, ALFF values in the left SFGmed were negatively correlated with OABSS scores. FC in patients with OAB was significantly increased between the bilateral caudate nucleus (CAU) and bilateral SFGdor, the bilateral CAU and bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA), the bilateral thalamus and SMA; the left CAU and bilateral SFGmed, the left CAU and bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, and the left CAU and left insula. Additionally, decreased FC was found between the bilateral amygdala and bilateral SFGmed and the left SMA and left insula. Conclusion These abnormal activities and connectivities of BBCN may indicate impaired cortical control of micturition in OAB, suggesting a possible neural mechanism of OAB.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Liu ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Xinxin Cheng ◽  
Honglin Ge ◽  
Guanjie Hu ◽  
...  

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be a transitional state between normal aging and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Recent studies have indicated that executive function (EF) declines during MCI. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated the neural basis of EF deficits in MCI. Herein, we investigate the changes of regional brain spontaneous activity and functional connectivity (FC) of the executive control network (ECN) between high EF and low EF groups.Methods: According to EF composite score (ADNI-EF) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we divided MCI into two groups, including the MCI-highEF group and MCI-lowEF group. Resting-state functional MRI was utilized to investigate the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and ECN functional connectivity across 23 healthy controls (HC), 11 MCI-highEF, and 14 MCI-lowEF participants. Moreover, a partial correlation analysis was carried out to examine the relationship between altered fALFF or connectivity of the ECN and the ADNI-EF.Results: Compared to HC, the MCI-highEF participants demonstrated increased fALFF in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG), as well as decreased fALFF in the right precentral gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). The MCI-lowEF participants demonstrated increased fALFF in the cerebellar vermis and decreased fALFF in the left MFG. Additionally, compared to HC, the MCI-highEF participants indicated no significant difference in connectivity of the ECN. Furthermore, the MCI-lowEF participants showed increased ECN FC in the left cuneus and left MFG, as well as decreased ECN functional connectivity in the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). Notably, the altered fALFF in the left MFG was positively correlated to ADNI-EF, while the altered fALFF in cerebellar vermis is negatively correlated with ADNI-EF across the two MCI groups and the HC group. Altered ECN functional connectivity in the right PHG is negatively correlated to ADNI-EF, while altered ECN functional connectivity in the left cuneus is negatively correlated to ADNI-EF across the three groups.Conclusions: Our current study demonstrates the presence of different patterns of regional brain spontaneous activity and ECN FC in the MCI-highEF group and MCI-lowEF group. Furthermore, the ECN FC of the MCI-highEF group was not disrupted, which may contribute to retained EF in MCI.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahil Bajaj ◽  
Karina S. Blair ◽  
Johannah Bashford-Largo ◽  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Avantika Mathur ◽  
...  

AbstractPrevious studies examining structural brain correlates of irritability have taken a region-specific approach and have been relatively inconsistent. In a sample of adolescents with and without clinically impairing irritability, the current study examines: (i) cortical volume (CV) in canonical functional networks; (ii) the association between the CV of functional networks and severity of irritability; and (iii) the extent to which IQ mediates the association between structural abnormalities and severity of irritability. Structural MRI and IQ data were collected from 130 adolescents with high irritability (mean age = 15.54±1.83 years, 58 females, self-reported Affective Reactivity Index [ARI] ≥ 4) and 119 adolescents with low irritability (mean age = 15.10±1.93 years, 39 females, self-reported ARI < 4). Subject-specific network-wise CV was estimated after parcellating the whole brain into 17 previously reported functional networks. Our Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) revealed that adolescents with high irritability had significantly reduced CV of the bilateral control and default-mode networks (p < 0.05) relative to adolescents with low irritability. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant negative association between the control network CV and the severity of irritability. Mediation analysis showed that IQ partially mediated the association between the control network CV and the severity of irritability. Follow-up analysis on subcortical volume (SCV) showed that adolescents with high irritability had reduced bilateral SCV within the amygdala relative to adolescents with low irritability. Reduced CV within bilateral control and default networks and reduced SCV within bilateral amygdala may represent core features of the pathophysiology of irritability. The current data also indicate the potential importance of a patient’s IQ in determining how pathophysiology related to the control network is expressed.


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