scholarly journals The Sunny Side of Negative Feedback: Negative Feedback Enhances One’s Motivation to Win in Another Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Fang ◽  
Ximei Li ◽  
Haiying Ma ◽  
Huijian Fu
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Feedback Group ◽  
Reward Positivity ◽  
Subject Factor ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
Normal Performance

Negative feedback has been widely reported to be a demotivator that could frustrate the recipient’s need for competence and erode his intrinsic motivation in the same activity. Nevertheless, little attention has been devoted to the intertemporal effect of negative feedback on one’s intrinsic motivation in another activity. To fill this gap, we arranged participants in a game with two sessions and manipulated the content of feedback as a between-subject factor. In session 1, participants had to complete a time estimation task with moderate difficulty, during which half of the participants received normal performance feedback and the other half received negative performance feedback. In session 2, all participants were guided to accomplish a moderately difficult stopwatch task that was competence-supportive. A more pronounced win-loss difference wave of reward positivity (RewP) was detected in the experimental (negative performance feedback) group compared to the control (normal performance feedback) group during session 2. This finding indicates that negative feedback in an activity may have a positive impact on one’s intrinsic motivation in a following competence-supportive activity.

The Devil You Know

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 962-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob B. Hirsh ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
The Devil

Individuals differ in the extent to which they respond negatively to uncertainty. Although some individuals feel little discomfort when facing the unknown, those high in neuroticism find it aversive. We examined neurophysiological responses to uncertainty using an event-related potential framework. Participants completed a time-estimation task while their neural activity was recorded via electroencephalography. The feedbackrelated negativity (FRN), an evoked potential that peaks approximately 250 ms after the receipt of feedback information, was examined under conditions of positive, negative, and uncertain feedback. The magnitude of these responses was then analyzed in relation to individual differences in neuroticism. As expected, a larger FRN was observed after negative feedback than after positive feedback for all participants. For individuals who scored highly on trait neuroticism, however, uncertain feedback produced a larger neural response than did negative feedback. These results are discussed in terms of affective responses to uncertainty among neurotic individuals.

scholarly journals dACC Response to Presentation of Negative Feedback Identifies Stimulant Dependence Diagnoses and Stimulant Use Severity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Claus ◽  
Matthew S. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Stimulant Use ◽  
Core Reduction ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
Following Error ◽  
Stimulant Dependence

AbstractError-monitoring abnormalities in stimulant-dependent individuals (SDIs) may be due to reduced awareness of committed errors, or to reduced sensitivity upon such awareness. The distinction between these alternatives remains largely undifferentiated, but may have substantial clinical relevance. We sought to better characterize the nature, and clinical relevance, of SDIs’ error-monitoring processes by comparing carefully isolated neural responses during the presentation of negative feedback to a) stimulant dependence status and b) lifetime stimulant use. Forty-eight SDIs and twenty-three non-SDIs performed an fMRI-based time-estimation task specifically designed to isolate neural responses associated with the presentation (versus expectation) of contingent negative feedback. SDIs showed reduced dACC response compared to non-SDIs following the presentation of negative feedback, but only when error expectancies were controlled. Moreover, lifetime stimulant use correlated negatively with magnitude of dACC attenuation. While this findings was minimized after controlling for age, these results suggest that SDIs may be characterized by a core reduction in neural activity following error feedback, in the context of intact feedback expectancies. Correlations with lifetime stimulant use suggest that this neural attenuation may hold clinical significance.

Cardiac and Electrophysiological Responses to Valid and Invalid Feedback in a Time-Estimation Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Mies ◽  
F. M. Van der Veen ◽  
J. H. M. Tulen ◽  
M. W. Hengeveld ◽  
M. W. Van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Cardiac Slowing ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Time Estimation Task

This study investigated the cardiac and electrophysiological responses to feedback in a time-estimation task in which feedback-validity was manipulated. Participants across a wide age range had to produce 1 s intervals followed by positive and negative feedback that was valid or invalid (i.e., related or unrelated to the preceding time estimate). Performance results showed that they processed the information provided by the feedback. Negative feedback was associated with a transient cardiac slowing only when feedback was valid. Correct adjustments after valid negative feedback were associated with a more pronounced cardiac slowing. Validity did not affect the feedback-related negativity (FRN), except when remedial action was taken into account. The FRN and cardiac response to feedback decreased with advancing age, but performance did not. The current pattern of findings was interpreted to suggest that the FRN and cardiac response signal “alert” and that the cardiac response, but not the FRN, is implicated in the mechanisms invoked in remedial action.

Mediofrontal Negativities to Averted Gains and Losses in the Slot-Machine Task

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franc C.L. Donkers ◽  
Geert J.M. van Boxtel
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Slot Machine ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
Gains And Losses

Abstract: In a previous study we addressed the question whether a feedback-related negativity (FRN) can be elicited by outcomes that are not contingent on any preceding choice or action ( Donkers, Nieuwenhuis, & Van Boxtel, 2005 ). Participants took part in a simple slot-machine task in which they experienced monetary gains and losses in the absence of responses. In addition, they performed a time estimation task often used to study the FRN, and a flanker task known to elicit the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN). Outcomes in the slot-machine task elicited a mediofrontal negativity whose amplitude correlated with the amplitude of the FRN associated with negative feedback in the time estimation task. However, the mediofrontal negativity was observed both for (unfavorable) outcomes that averted a gain and for (favorable) outcomes that averted a loss of money, a finding that is inconsistent with previous FRN research. In the present study we examined the similarity between the mediofrontal negativity observed in the slot-machine task and the frequency-sensitive N2. We manipulated the overall frequency of obtaining gains and losses in the slot-machine task and compared the negativities on averted gains and losses across the different trial probabilities. The results showed that larger feedback-related negativities were elicited by unexpected unfavorable outcomes than by expected unfavorable outcomes.

Drug-free patients with major depression show an increased electrophysiological response to valid and invalid feedback

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2515-2525 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Mies ◽  
F. M. van der Veen ◽  
J. H. M. Tulen ◽  
T. K. Birkenhäger ◽  
M. W. Hengeveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Electrophysiological Response ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Positive And Negative Feedback ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
Drug Free

BackgroundDepressed patients are biased in their response to negative information. They have been found to show a maladaptive behavioral and aberrant electrophysiological response to negative feedback. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioral and electrophysiological response to feedback validity in drug-free depressed patients.MethodFifteen drug-free in-patients with unipolar major depression disorder (MDD) and 30 demographically matched controls performed a time-estimation task in which they received valid and invalid (i.e. related and unrelated to performance) positive and negative feedback. The number of behavioral adjustments to the feedback and the feedback-related negativity (FRN) were measured.ResultsPatients made fewer correct adjustments after valid negative feedback than controls, and their FRNs were larger. Neither patients nor controls adjusted their time estimates following invalid negative feedback.ConclusionsThe FRN results suggest that depressed drug-free in-patients have an atypical rostral anterior cingulate response to feedback that is independent of feedback validity. Their behavioral response to invalid negative feedback, however, is not impaired. This study confirms the notion that the behavioral responses of depressed individuals to negative feedback are context dependent.

Neuropsychological impairment in patients with major depressive disorder: the effects of feedback on task performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. MURPHY ◽  
A. MICHAEL ◽  
T. W. ROBBINS ◽  
B. J. SAHAKIAN
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Reversal Task ◽  
Depressed Patients

Background. Recent evidence suggests that an abnormal response to performance feedback may contribute to the wide-ranging neuropsychological deficits typically associated with depressive illness. The present research sought to determine whether the inability of depressed patients to utilize performance feedback advantageously is equally true for accurate and misleading feedback.Method. Patients with major depression and matched controls completed: (1) a visual discrimination and reversal task that featured intermittent and misleading negative feedback; and (2) feedback and no-feedback versions of a computerised test of spatial working memory. In the feedback version, negative feedback was accurate, highly informative, and could be used as a mnemonic aid.Results. On the Probability Reversal task, depressed patients were impaired in their ability to maintain response set in the face of misleading negative feedback as shown by their increased tendency to switch responding to the ‘incorrect’ stimulus following negative reinforcement, relative to that of controls. Patients' ability to acquire and reverse the necessary visual discrimination was unimpaired. On the Spatial Working Memory task, depressed patients made significantly more between-search errors than controls on the most difficult trials, but their ability to use negative feedback to facilitate performance remained intact.Conclusions. The present results suggest that feedback can have different effects in different contexts. Misleading, negative feedback appears to disrupt the performance of depressed patients, whereas negative but accurate feedback does not. These findings are considered in the context of recent studies on reinforcement systems and their associated neurobiological substrates.

Intrinsic Motivation, Psychological Needs, and Competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Ryan ◽  
Johnmarshall Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Relevant Feedback ◽  
Competitive Outcomes ◽  
Ego Involvement

Competition is an apt place to experience intrinsic motivation, as competitive settings are often rich with optimal challenges and immediate, effectance-relevant feedback. Yet competition can also undermine intrinsic motivation and sustained engagement by introducing controlling pressures and negative feedback. To explain the contrasting effects of competitive settings on intrinsic motivation, this chapter presents a self-determination theory analysis. According to the theory, when elements of competitive settings are experienced as controlling or pressuring, they undermine competitors’ autonomy, decreasing intrinsic motivation. However, when these elements are perceived as both non-controlling and competence-informing, they can satisfy both autonomy and competence needs, enhancing intrinsic motivation. Unpacking these motivational crosscurrents, the authors identify the motivational implications of different elements of competition, including competitive set, pressure to win, feedback and competitive outcomes, challenge, leaders’ motivating styles, team interpersonal climate, and intrapersonal events such as ego-involvement. The authors also examine both positive and negative effects of competition on the need for relatedness. The chapter concludes by discussing how conditions that foster the need-satisfying aspects of competition not only enhance intrinsic motivation but also help prevent the emergence of competition’s darker sides, such as cheating, doping, objectifying opponents, aggression, and poor sportspersonship.

Box office performance: Influence of online word-of-mouth on consumers’ motivations to watch movies

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Kuo-Ting Yu ◽  
Hsi-Peng Lu ◽  
Chih-Yu Chin ◽  
Yu-Shiuan Jhou
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Online Word Of Mouth ◽  
Marketing Budgets

Content created by the movie industry is high-risk, as production costs and marketing budgets are massive but box office results can be volatile. We examined the effect of online word-of-mouth on consumers’ motivation and intention to watch movies. The proposed model was tested in a survey with 337 consumers using a structural equation modeling approach. The results showed that movie reviews by professional movie media writers had a substantial positive impact on consumers’ intrinsic motivation for presenting themselves, via transmitting their values and expressing personal favor by watching movies. Popular media also had a positive influence on the intrinsic motivation of perceived enjoyment, and social media had the broadest influence on consumers’ intrinsic motivation. Thus, movie makers and marketers should focus on the critical platform of online word-ofmouth to enhance consumers’ motivation to watch movies.

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