scholarly journals The Impact of Functional Overreaching on Post-exercise Parasympathetic Reactivation in Runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clint R. Bellenger ◽  
Rebecca L. Thomson ◽  
Kade Davison ◽  
Eileen Y. Robertson ◽  
Jonathan D. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Parasympathetic Reactivation ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Heavy Training

While post-exercise heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) has been shown to increase in response to training leading to improvements in performance, the effect of training leading to decrements in performance (i.e., overreaching) on this parameter has been largely ignored. This study evaluated the effect of heavy training leading to performance decrements on sub-maximal post-exercise HRV. Running performance [5 km treadmill time-trial (5TTT)], post-exercise HRV [root-mean-square difference of successive normal R-R intervals (RMSSD)] and measures of subjective training tolerance (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes “worse than normal” scores) were assessed in 11 male runners following 1 week of light training (LT), 2 weeks of heavy training (HT) and a 10 day taper (T). Post-exercise RMSSD was assessed following 5 min of running exercise at an individualised speed eliciting 85% of peak HR. Time to complete 5TTT likely increased following HT (ES = 0.14 ± 0.03; p < 0.001), and then almost certainly decreased following T (ES = −0.30 ± 0.07; p < 0.001). Subjective training tolerance worsened after HT (ES = −2.54 ± 0.62; p = 0.001) and improved after T (ES = 2.16 ± 0.64; p = 0.004). In comparison to LT, post-exercise RMSSD likely increased at HT (ES = 0.65 ± 0.55; p = 0.06), and likely decreased at T (ES = −0.69 ± 0.45; p = 0.02). A moderate within-subject correlation was found between 5TTT and post-exercise RMSSD (r = 0.47 ± 0.36; p = 0.03). Increased post-exercise RMSSD following HT demonstrated heightened post-exercise parasympathetic modulation in functionally overreached athletes. Heightened post-exercise RMSSD in this context appears paradoxical given this parameter also increases in response to improvements in performance. Thus, additional measures such as subjective training tolerance are required to interpret changes in post-exercise RMSSD.

Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (6) ◽  
pp. H2446-H2452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Goldberger ◽  
Francis Kiet Le ◽  
Marc Lahiri ◽  
Prince J. Kannankeril ◽  
Jason Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Root Mean Square Residual ◽  
Parasympathetic Reactivation

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether heart rate variability (HRV) can be used as an index of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. Heart rate recovery after exercise has recently been shown to have prognostic significance and has been postulated to be related to abnormal recovery of parasympathetic tone. Ten normal subjects [5 men and 5 women; age 33 ± 5 yr (mean ± SE)] exercised to their maximum capacity, and 12 subjects (10 men and 2 women; age 61 ± 10 yr) with coronary artery disease exercised for 16 min on two separate occasions, once in the absence of atropine and once with atropine (0.04 mg/kg) administered during exercise. The root mean square residual (RMS), which measures the deviation of the R-R intervals from a straight line, as well as the standard deviation (SD) and the root mean square successive difference of the R-R intervals (MSSD), were measured on successive 15-, 30-, and 60-s segments of a 5-min ECG obtained immediately after exercise. In recovery, the R-R interval was shorter with atropine ( P < 0.0001). Without atropine, HRV, as measured by the MSSD and RMS, increased early in recovery from 4.1 ± 0.4 and 3.7 ± 0.4 ms in the first 15 s to 7.2 ± 1.0 and 7.4 ± 0.9 ms after 1 min, respectively ( P < 0.0001). RMS (range 1.7–2.1 ms) and MSSD were less with atropine ( P < 0.0001). RMS remained flat throughout recovery, whereas MSSD showed some decline over time from 3.0 to 2.2 ms ( P < 0.002). RMS and MSSD were both directly related ( r2 = 0.47 and 0.56, respectively; P < 0.0001) to parasympathetic effect, defined as the difference in R-R interval without and with atropine. In conclusion, RMS and MSSD are parameters of HRV that can be used in the postexercise recovery period as indexes of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. These tools may improve our understanding of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise and the prognostic significance of heart rate recovery.

scholarly journals Contextualizing Parasympathetic Hyperactivity in Functionally Overreached Athletes With Perceptions of Training Tolerance

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clint R. Bellenger ◽  
Laura Karavirta ◽  
Rebecca L. Thomson ◽  
Eileen Y. Robertson ◽  
Kade Davison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Rr Intervals ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
And Training ◽  
Heavy Training

Purpose:Heart-rate variability (HRV) as a measure of autonomic function may increase in response to training interventions leading to increases or decreases in performance, making HRV interpretation difficult in isolation. This study aimed to contextualize changes in HRV with subjective measures of training tolerance.Methods:Supine and standing measures of vagally mediated HRV (root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals [RMSSD]) and measures of training tolerance (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes questionnaire, perception of energy levels, fatigue, and muscle soreness) were recorded daily during 1 wk of light training (LT), 2 wk of heavy training (HT), and 10 d of tapering (T) in 15 male runners/triathletes. HRV and training tolerance were analyzed as rolling 7-d averages at LT, HT, and T. Performance was assessed after LT, HT, and T with a 5-km treadmill time trial (5TTT).Results:Time to complete the 5TTT likely increased after HT (effect size [ES] ± 90% confidence interval = 0.16 ± 0.06) and then almost certainly decreased after T (ES = −0.34 ± 0.08). Training tolerance worsened after HT (ES ≥ 1.30 ± 0.41) and improved after T (ES ≥ 1.27 ± 0.49). Standing RMSSD very likely increased after HT (ES = 0.62 ± 0.26) and likely remained higher than LT at the completion of T (ES = 0.38 ± 0.21). Changes in supine RMSSD were possible or likely trivial.Conclusion:Vagally mediated HRV during standing increased in response to functional overreaching (indicating potential parasympathetic hyperactivity) and also to improvements in performance. Thus, additional measures such as training tolerance are required to interpret changes in vagally mediated HRV.

scholarly journals Cardiac Parasympathetic Reactivation Following Small‐Sided Games, Repeated Sprints and Circuit Training in Elite Handball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Ravier ◽  
Philemon Marcel-Millet
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Repeated Sprints ◽  
Parasympathetic Reactivation ◽  
Small Effect Size

AbstractTo compare acute parasympathetic reactivation following usual training exercises, the acute post-exercise heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were analysed. Fourteen elite male handball players completed three separate sessions of 16-min small-sided games (SSGs), repeated sprints (RSs) consisting of two sets of six repetitions of a 25-m sprint with a 180° change of direction (12.5 m + 12.5 m) every 25 s and 40 min of handball-specific circuit training (CT, one brief action every 40 s). The HR was recorded during the exercises; HRV was assessed 10 min before and after exercise. The exercise HR was higher for SSGs than RSs and it was higher for RSs than CT. Comparison of the baseline and acute post-exercise HRV values showed that parasympathetic indices decreased following SSG (p < 0.01 – p < 0.0001; large effect size) and RS (p < 0.05 –p < 0.01; large effect size) interventions. For CT, recovery values remained similar to the baseline (small effect size). The comparison of the acute recovery period between exercise modalities showed that the root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) was lower for SSGs than RSs and CT. No difference in any HRV indices was observed between RSs and CT. Time-varying of RMSSD for successive 30 s segments during the 10 min recovery period showed lower values for SSGs than CT for all tested points; the progressive increase in the beat-to-beat interval was similar for all interventions. In conclusion, SSGs caused the greatest post-exercise vagal disruption and it is likely that CT is the exercise modality that least delays over-all recovery. These results might help coaches design better training sessions by understanding athletes’ recovery status after completing their conditioning exercises.

Examining the Impact of and Sensitivity of Fit Indices to Omitting Covariates Interaction Effect in Multilevel Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 001316442199240
Author(s):  
Chunhua Cao ◽  
Eun Sook Kim ◽  
Yi-Hsin Chen ◽  
John Ferron
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Cluster Number ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of omitting covariates interaction effect on parameter estimates in multilevel multiple-indicator multiple-cause models as well as the sensitivity of fit indices to model misspecification when the between-level, within-level, or cross-level interaction effect was left out in the models. The parameter estimates produced in the correct and the misspecified models were compared under varying conditions of cluster number, cluster size, intraclass correlation, and the magnitude of the interaction effect in the population model. Results showed that the two main effects were overestimated by approximately half of the size of the interaction effect, and the between-level factor mean was underestimated. None of comparative fit index, Tucker–Lewis index, root mean square error of approximation, and standardized root mean square residual was sensitive to the omission of the interaction effect. The sensitivity of information criteria varied depending majorly on the magnitude of the omitted interaction, as well as the location of the interaction (i.e., at the between level, within level, or cross level). Implications and recommendations based on the findings were discussed.

scholarly journals A Trigonometric Projection Method for Overcoming High Intensity Heart Rate Caused Waveform Deformation in Electrocardiogram Biometrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsu-Wang Shen ◽  
Shan-Chun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Biometric Technology ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Electrocardiogram Signal ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

Abstract Purpose Although electrocardiogram (ECG) has been proven as a biometric for human identification, applying biometric technology remains challenging with diverse heart rate circumstances in which high intensity heart rate caused waveform deformation may not be known in advance when ECG templates are registered. Methods A calibration method that calculates the ratio of the length of an unidentified electrocardiogram signal to the length of an electrocardiogram template is proposed in this paper. Next, the R peak is used as an axis anchor point of a trigonometric projection (TP) to attain the displacement value. Finally, the unidentified ECG signal is calibrated according to the generated trigonometric value, which corresponds to the trigonometric projection degree of the ratio and the attained displacement measurement. Results The results reveal that the proposed method provides superior overall performance compared with that of the conventional downsampling method, based on the percentage root mean square difference (PRD), correlation coefficients, and mean square error (MSE). Conclusion The curve fitting equation directly maps from the heart rate levels to the TP degree without prior registration information. The proposed ECG calibration method offers a more robust system against heart rate interference when conducting ECG identification.

scholarly journals Post-exercise heart rate recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury

Spinal Cord ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Myers ◽  
L Hsu ◽  
D Hadley ◽  
M Y Lee ◽  
B J Kiratli
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Cord Injury
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