Detection of Root Physiological Parameters and Potassium and Calcium Currents in the Rhizoplane of the Apple Rootstock Superior Line 12-2 With Improved Apple Replant Disease Resistance

The cultivation of resistant rootstocks is one of the more effective ways to mitigate apple replant disease (ARD). We performed an ion current test, a pot experiment, and a pathogen infection test on the apple rootstocks 12-2 (self-named), T337, and M26. The ion current test showed that exposure to ARD soil extract for 30 min had a significant effect on K+ ion currents at the meristem, elongation, and mature zones of the M26 rhizoplane and on Ca2+ currents in the meristem and elongation zones. ARD also had a significant effect on Ca2+ currents in the meristem, elongation, and mature zones of the T337 rhizoplane. Exposure to ARD soil extract for 5 min had a significant effect on K+ currents in the meristem, elongation, and mature zones of 12-2 and on the Ca2+ currents in the elongation and mature zones. Compared to a 5-min exposure, a 30-min exposure to ARD extract had a less pronounced effect on K+ and Ca2+ currents in the 12-2 rhizoplane. The pot experiment showed that ARD soil had no significant effect on any root architectural or physiological parameters of 12-2. By contrast, ARD soil significantly reduced some root growth indices and the dry and fresh weights of T337 and M26 compared with controls on sterilized soil. ARD also had a significant effect on root metabolic activity, root antioxidant enzyme activity (except superoxide dismutase for T337), and malondialdehyde content of T337 and M26. Pathogen infection tests showed that Fusarium proliferatum MR5 significantly affected the root structure and reduced the root metabolic activity of T337 and M26. It also reduced their root antioxidant enzyme activities (except catalase for T337) and significantly increased the root malondialdehyde content, reactive oxygen levels, and proline and soluble sugar contents. By contrast, MR5 had no such effects on 12-2. Based on these results, 12-2 has the potential to serve as an important ARD-resistant rootstock.

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Measurements of Proline and Malondialdehyde Content and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Leaves of Drought Stressed Cotton

BIO-PROTOCOL ◽

10.21769/bioprotoc.1913 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (17) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Tianzi Chen ◽

Baolong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Malondialdehyde Content

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Root exposure to apple replant disease soil triggers local defense response and rhizoplane microbiome dysbiosis

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiab031 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alicia Balbín-Suárez ◽

Samuel Jacquiod ◽

Annmarie-Deetja Rohr ◽

Benye Liu ◽

Henryk Flachowsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Plant Defense ◽

Defense Response ◽

Soil Column ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Control Soil ◽

Apple Rootstocks ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Replant Disease

Abstract A soil column split-root experiment was designed to investigate the ability of apple replant disease (ARD) causing agents to spread in soil. ‘M26’ apple rootstocks grew into a top layer of Control soil, followed by a barrier-free split-soil layer (Control soil/ARD soil). We observed a severely reduced root growth, concomitant with enhanced gene expression of phytoalexin biosynthetic genes and phytoalexin content in roots from ARD soil, indicating a pronounced local plant defense response. Amplicon sequencing (bacteria, archaea, fungi) revealed local shifts in diversity and composition of microorganisms in the rhizoplane of roots from ARD soil. An enrichment of OTUs affiliated to potential ARD fungal pathogens (Ilyonectria and Nectria sp.) and bacteria frequently associated with ARD (Streptomyces, Variovorax) was noted. In conclusion, our integrated study supports the idea of ARD being local and not spreading into surrounding soil, as only the roots in ARD soil were affected in terms of growth, phytoalexin biosynthetic gene expression, phytoalexin production, and altered microbiome structure. This study further reinforces the microbiological nature of ARD, being likely triggered by a disturbed soil microbiome enriched with low mobility ARD-causing agents that induce a strong plant defense and rhizoplane microbiome dysbiosis, concurring with root damage.

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The Effect of Glomus mosseae and Enterobacter aerogenes on Apple Seedlings Grown in Apple Replant Disease Soil

Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0434.1992.tb04313.x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 135 (4) ◽

pp. 281-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. S. Utkhede ◽

T. S. C. Li ◽

E. M. Smith

Keyword(s):

Glomus Mosseae ◽

Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Replant Disease

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Formation and exudation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins by roots of the apple rootstock M26 grown in apple replant disease soil

Phytochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 192 ◽

pp. 112972

Author(s):

Belnaser A. Busnena ◽

Till Beuerle ◽

Felix Mahnkopp-Dirks ◽

Traud Winkelmann ◽

Ludger Beerhues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apple Rootstock ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Replant Disease

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Induction and diagnosis of apple replant disease (ARD): a matter of heterogeneous soil properties?

Scientia Horticulturae ◽

10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.076 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 241 ◽

pp. 167-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Felix Mahnkopp ◽

Margaux Simon ◽

Eva Lehndorff ◽

Stefan Pätzold ◽

Andreas Wrede ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Replant Disease ◽

Heterogeneous Soil

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Ozonated water electrolytically generated by diamond-coated electrodes controlled phytonematodes in replanted soil

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection ◽

10.1007/s41348-021-00524-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xorla Kanfra ◽

Ahmed Elhady ◽

Hendrik Thiem ◽

Sven Pleger ◽

Markus Höfer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Greenhouse Experiment ◽

Soil Nematodes ◽

Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Management Options ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Replant Disease ◽

Coated Electrodes ◽

Ozonated Water

AbstractPhytonematodes cause severe yield losses in horticulture, partly because they are difficult to manage. Compact, energy-efficient generators that electrochemically produce ozonated water by utilizing diamond-coated electrodes have become available. In this study, the application of on-site generated ozonated water to inactivate soil nematodes and to mitigate nematode-mediated apple replant disease was tested. Pratylenchus penetrans was highly susceptible to dissolved ozone (LC50 0.6 mg L−1). In one greenhouse experiment, treatment of P. penetrans in soil with ozonated water (0.27 mg ozone L−1 soil) reduced subsequent invasion of the nematodes into roots by 60%. Growth of apple saplings in soil that was affected by apple replant disease (ARD) was significantly improved following a treatment with 1/10 volume ozonated water compared to the control. In a second greenhouse experiment, one-time drenching of ARD soil with ozonated water was followed by improved growth of apple plants similar to that in autoclaved soil. A second application of ozonated water did not further improve plant growth. The number of active nematodes in replanted soil that moved through a Baermann filter was significantly reduced by all tested concentrations of ozone (0.12–0.75 mg L−1 soil). A fraction of 19–36% of the nematodes survived and slightly recovered after four weeks. In conclusion, on-site generated ozonated water has potential to mitigate nematode problems in horticulture and to expand management options.

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