scholarly journals Novel Evidence for the Increasing Prevalence of Unique Names in China: A Reply to Ogihara

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Wu-Shuang Bao ◽  
Huajian Cai ◽  
Yiming Jing ◽  
Jianxiong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Large Representative

In this study, we aimed to address three comments proposed by Ogihara on a recent study where we found that unique names in China have become increasingly popular from 1950 to 2009. Using a large representative sample of Chinese names (N = 2.1 million), we replicated the increase in uniqueness of Chinese names from 1920 to 2005, especially since the 1970s, with multiple uniqueness indices based on name-character frequency and name-length deviation. Over the years, Chinese characters that are rare in daily life or naming practice were more often used in given names, and the length of given names became more deviant from typical practice (i.e., more one-character and three-character given names and higher standard deviation of name length). Taken together, these findings not only reconfirmed the increasing prevalence of unique names but also demonstrated the validity of various indices in assessing name uniqueness in China.

The Clustering of Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviour within Australian Schools

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thérèse Shaw ◽  
Donna Cross
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sample Size Calculations ◽  
School Sample ◽  
School Differences ◽  
Bullying Victimisation ◽  
Large Representative

Bullying between students at school can seriously affect students' health and academic outcomes. To date, little is known regarding the extent to which bullying behaviour is clustered within certain schools rather than similarly prevalent across all schools. Additionally, studies of bullying behaviour in schools that do not account for clustering of such behaviour by students within the same school are likely to be underpowered and yield imprecise estimates. This article presents intraclass correlation (ICC) values for bullying victimisation and perpetration measures based on a large representative sample of 106 Australian schools. Results show that bullying is not confined to specific schools and school differences contribute little to explaining students' bullying behaviour. Despite this, seemingly negligible ICC values can substantially affect the sample sizes required to attain sufficiently powered studies, when large numbers of students are sampled per school. Sample size calculations are illustrated.

scholarly journals Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205630512090340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Vaccari ◽  
Andrew Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
United Kingdom Population ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Representative

Artificial Intelligence (AI) now enables the mass creation of what have become known as “deepfakes”: synthetic videos that closely resemble real videos. Integrating theories about the power of visual communication and the role played by uncertainty in undermining trust in public discourse, we explain the likely contribution of deepfakes to online disinformation. Administering novel experimental treatments to a large representative sample of the United Kingdom population allowed us to compare people’s evaluations of deepfakes. We find that people are more likely to feel uncertain than to be misled by deepfakes, but this resulting uncertainty, in turn, reduces trust in news on social media. We conclude that deepfakes may contribute toward generalized indeterminacy and cynicism, further intensifying recent challenges to online civic culture in democratic societies.

Models of Discourse Representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 276-356
Author(s):  
Erik D. Reichle
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Discourse Processing ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Large Representative

This chapter first describes what has been learned about how readers represent the meaning of discourse by integrating the meanings to individual sentences to construct the representations needed to understand larger segments of text. The chapter reviews the key findings related to text processing and how this sparked an ongoing debate about the extent to which the making of inferences during reading is obligatory. The chapter reviews precursor theories and models of discourse representation that attempt to explain how discourse representations are generated via the interaction of language processing and memory. The chapter then reviews a large, representative sample of the models that have been used to simulate and understand aspects of discourse processing. They are reviewed in their order of development to show how the models have evolved to accommodate new empirical findings. The chapter concludes with an explicit comparative analysis of the discourse-processing models and discusses the empirical findings that each model can and cannot explain.

scholarly journals Deplorables: Emotions, Political Sophistication, and Political Intolerance

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Gibson ◽  
Christopher Claassen ◽  
Joan Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Political Sophistication ◽  
Strong Interest ◽  
Large Representative

While scholars have shown strong interest in the role of emotions in politics, questions remain about the connections between emotions and political intolerance. First, it is not clear which emotion (if any) is likely to produce intolerance toward one’s disliked groups, with different studies favoring hatred, anger, or fear. Second, it is unclear whether these effects of emotion are moderated by sophistication, as some conventional political thought argues. Do the less-sophisticated rely on emotions when making judgments, therefore being less tolerant than sophisticates, who rely on reason? Here, we test both hypotheses using a large representative sample Americans. We find that hatred, anger, and fear are significantly but only modestly related to political intolerance. Moreover, the effects of emotions on intolerance are not consistently stronger among the unsophisticated. These findings provide little support for the conventional assumption that the less-sophisticated rely on their emotions in making political judgments.

Ambiguity Attitudes in a Large Representative Sample

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1363-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Dimmock ◽  
Roy Kouwenberg ◽  
Peter P. Wakker
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Ambiguity Attitudes ◽  
Large Representative

TCS tcs: Tata Consultancy Services trash compactor script

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie Halpern-Hamu
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Text Compression ◽  
Complex Sample ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
Large Representative

Creation of representative sample(s) of a large document collection can be automated using XSLT. Such samples will be useful for analysis, as a preliminary document analysis step in vocabulary redesign or conversion and to guide design of storage, editing, and transformation processing. Design goals are: to work intuitively with default configuration and no schema, produce plausible output, and produce a range of outputs from a large representative set to a short but highly complex sample document. The technique can be conceptualized in passes: annotate structures as original or redundant; keep wrappers to accommodate original markup found lower in the hierarchy; retain required children and attributes; and collapse similar structures. Possible settings include redundancy thresholds, text compression techniques, target length, schema-awareness, schema intuitions, how much context to preserve around kept elements, and whether similar structures should be collapsed (overlaid).

HIGHER MALE EDUCATIONAL HYPERGAMY: EVIDENCE FROM PORTUGAL

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAMILTON R. CORREIA
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
Educational Assortative Mating ◽  
Large Representative

Studies of human mate choice have been based almost exclusively on stated preferences and personal advertisements, and the external validity of such studies has therefore been questioned. In the present study, reallife matings based on a large representative sample of newly wed couples in 1998 (n=66,598) were analysed according to educational assortative mating. The results demonstrate a strong educational homogamy in this national Portuguese sample. However, men tend to marry women who are slightly more educated than themselves. The results are compared with those of a modern society (US, 1940–87) and a traditional society (Kipsigis, 1952–91). Since educational attainment is strongly associated with social status and intelligence, these results are discussed in an evolutionary perspective.

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