scholarly journals Over-Specification of Small Cardinalities in Referential Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Zevakhina ◽  
Lena Pasalskaya ◽  
Alisa Chinkova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
Large Set ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bare Plural ◽  
Large Cardinality ◽  
Small Cardinality ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Human Capacity

The paper presents experimental evidence for the over-specification of small cardinalities in referential communication. The first experiment shows that when presented with a small set (2, 3, or 4) of unique objects, the speaker includes a numeral denoting a small cardinality into the description of given objects, although it is over-informative for the hearer (e.g., “three stars”). On the contrary, when presented with a large set of unique objects, the speaker does not include a numeral denoting a large cardinality into their description, so she produces a bare plural (e.g., “stars”). The effect of small cardinalities resembles the effect of over-specifying color in referential communication, which has been extensively studied in recent years (cf. Tarenskeen et al., 2015; Rubio-Fernández, 2016, among many others). This suggests that, like color, small cardinalities are absolute and salient. The second experiment demonstrates that when presented with an identical small set of monochrome objects, the speaker over-specifies a small cardinality to a much greater extent than a color. This suggests that small cardinalities are even more salient than color. The third experiment reveals that when slides are flashed on the screen one by one, highlighted objects of small cardinalities are still over-specified. We argue that a plausible explanation for the salience of small cardinalities is a subitizing effect, which is the human capacity to instantaneously grasp small cardinalities.

scholarly journals Overspecification of small cardinalities in reference production

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Natalia Zevakhina ◽  
Elena Pasalskaya
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Bare Plural ◽  
Small Cardinality ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Human Capacity

This paper presents experimental evidence for overspecification of small cardinalities in refer-ence production. The idea is that when presented with a small set of unique objects (2, 3 or 4), the speaker includes a small cardinality while describing given objects, although it is overin-formative for the hearer (e.g., 'three stars'). On the contrary, when presented with a large set of unique objects, the speaker does not include cardinality in their description – so she produces a bare plural (e.g. 'stars'). The effect of overspecifying small cardinalities resembles the effect of overspecifying color in reference production which has been extensively studied in recent years (cf. Rubio-Fernandez 2016, Tarenskeen et al. 2015). When slides are flashed on the screen one by one, highlighted objects are still overspecified. We argue that one of the main reasons lies in subitizing effect, which is a human capacity to instantaneously grasp small cardinalities.

Modelling spatial reasoning systems with shape algebras and formal logic

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Large Set ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning Systems ◽  
Geometric Objects ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe combination of the paradigms of shape algebras and predicate logic representations, used in a new method for describing designs, is presented. First-order predicate logic provides a natural, intuitive way of representing shapes and spatial relations in the development of complete computer systems for reasoning about designs. Shape algebraic formalisms have advantages over more traditional representations of geometric objects. Here we illustrate the definition of a large set of high-level design relations from a small set of simple structures and spatial relations, with examples from the domains of geographic information systems and architecture.

Computer-Aided Design Synthesis Using Syntactic Solid Modeling

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilios E. Theodoracatos ◽  
Xiaogang Guan
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Solid Modeling ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aided Design

Abstract This paper presents a new Computer-Aided Design (CAD) synthesis model which uses Plex Grammar as structural relationship descriptors and NURBS surface representation for constructing standard and non-standard solid entities. Here, the designer uses a syntactic design methodology for early topological and geometrical definition of the structure of concept alternatives resulting from the design process. This syntactic scheme provides the capability of describing a large set of complex structures by using a small set of simple entities. The recursive nature of the grammar and the hierarchical representation of the structure makes the description of complex structures simple and under the direct control of the designer. An object structure constructive tree is generated and subsequently translated into Plex Grammar production rules in order to form an Interconnection Matrix (ICM) expressing. The resulting Plex structure defined in the ICM expresses the topological information among entities which form the specific types of objects. By modifying the Plex grammar rules, various objects with different geometry and topology can easily be reconstructed. Compared to conventional solid modeling techniques, this approach provides more systematic object generation, easy manipulation and modification, control over congruity and the ability to represent sculptured shapes. Several examples of syntactic solid modeling applied in design synthesis will be presented for further usage in downstream applications.

scholarly journals Response Shaping to Improve Food Acceptance for Children with ASD: Effects of Small and Large Food Sets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Ledford
Keyword(s):  
Poor Response ◽  
Food Selectivity ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Food Acceptance ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Limited Food

Background: Food selectivity, characterized by food refusal, limited food repertoire, or preference for certain types of foods, is common among children with ASD. Method: In this study, researchers examined the effects of a response shaping procedure using a large rotating food set and a small constant food set on food acceptance for two boys with ASD. The small set consisted of three foods that were presented during every session; the large set consisted of 15 foods, of which three were presented during each session, in randomly ordered sets. Researchers measured the percentage of correct behaviors and the cumulative number of foods with which participants interacted. Two concurrently operating multiple baseline across behaviors designs were used to assess whether the shaping procedure resulted in increased correct responding compared to baseline conditions, and whether the intervention was differentially effective with large versus small food sets. Results: The procedures were similar in efficiency for one participant, although he ate many more foods in the large set condition. For the other participant, shaping was successful at increasing some acceptance behaviors (e.g., putting food in his mouth) but only the small set resulted in eating a new food. Conclusions: Practitioners should consider use of less restrictive or intrusive interventions to promote food acceptance and the use of larger sets of foods, modified to include fewer foods in the case of poor response to intervention.

scholarly journals Towards semantic interoperability: finding and repairing hidden contradictions in biomedical ontologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke T. Slater ◽  
Georgios V. Gkoutos ◽  
Robert Hoehndorf
Keyword(s):  
Automated Reasoning ◽  
Semantic Interoperability ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Biomedical Domain ◽  
Biomedical Ontologies ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Background Ontologies are widely used throughout the biomedical domain. These ontologies formally represent the classes and relations assumed to exist within a domain. As scientific domains are deeply interlinked, so too are their representations. While individual ontologies can be tested for consistency and coherency using automated reasoning methods, systematically combining ontologies of multiple domains together may reveal previously hidden contradictions. Methods We developed a method that tests for hidden unsatisfiabilities in an ontology that arise when combined with other ontologies. For this purpose, we combined sets of ontologies and use automated reasoning to determine whether unsatisfiable classes are present. In addition, we designed and implemented a novel algorithm that can determine justifications for contradictions across extremely large and complicated ontologies, and use these justifications to semi-automatically repair ontologies by identifying a small set of axioms that, when removed, result in a consistent and coherent set of ontologies. Results We tested the mutual consistency of the OBO Foundry and the OBO ontologies and find that the combined OBO Foundry gives rise to at least 636 unsatisfiable classes, while the OBO ontologies give rise to more than 300,000 unsatisfiable classes. We also applied our semi-automatic repair algorithm to each combination of OBO ontologies that resulted in unsatisfiable classes, finding that only 117 axioms could be removed to account for all cases of unsatisfiability across all OBO ontologies. Conclusions We identified a large set of hidden unsatisfiability across a broad range of biomedical ontologies, and we find that this large set of unsatisfiable classes is the result of a relatively small amount of axiomatic disagreements. Our results show that hidden unsatisfiability is a serious problem in ontology interoperability; however, our results also provide a way towards more consistent ontologies by addressing the issues we identified.

scholarly journals Resolving the organization of the third tier visual cortex in primates: A hypothesis-based approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRA ANGELUCCI ◽  
MARCELLO G.P. ROSA
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
New World ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
The Third

AbstractAs highlighted by several contributions to this special issue, there is still ongoing debate about the number, exact location, and boundaries of the visual areas located in cortex immediately rostral to the second visual area (V2), i.e., the “third tier” visual cortex, in primates. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the main ideas that have led to four models of third tier cortex organization, which are at the center of today's debate. We formulate specific predictions of these models, and compare these predictions with experimental evidence obtained primarily in New World primates. From this analysis, we conclude that only one of these models (the “multiple-areas” model) can accommodate the breadth of available experimental evidence. According to this model, most of the third tier cortex in New World primates is occupied by two distinct areas, both representing the full contralateral visual quadrant: the dorsomedial area (DM), restricted to the dorsal half of the third visual complex, and the ventrolateral posterior area (VLP), occupying its ventral half and a substantial fraction of its dorsal half. DM belongs to the dorsal stream of visual processing, and overlaps with macaque parietooccipital (PO) area (or V6), whereas VLP belongs to the ventral stream and overlaps considerably with area V3 proposed by others. In contrast, there is substantial evidence that is inconsistent with the concept of a single elongated area V3 lining much of V2. We also review the experimental evidence from macaque monkey and humans, and propose that, once the data are interpreted within an evolutionary-developmental context, these species share a homologous (but not necessarily identical) organization of the third tier cortex as that observed in New World monkeys. Finally, we identify outstanding issues, and propose experiments to resolve them, highlighting in particular the need for more extensive, hypothesis-driven investigations in macaque and humans.

OPTIMIZATION OF A NONLINEAR ELECTRICAL–THERMAL MODEL OF THE SKIN

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350039 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rasoul Molaei ◽  
Reza Jafari ◽  
Sajad Jafari ◽  
Hamid Reza Abdolmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Thermal Model ◽  
Outward Current ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Small Set ◽  
State Regime ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Capacitance Current

This paper presents modified equations for a nonlinear electrical–thermal model of the skin, and optimizes the parameters of the model by a genetic algorithm. In publications, an electrical–thermal model for the skin has been presented. Although, the model is sophisticated and includes the most of physical phenomena occurring in the skin; however, mathematical equations used in this model for the capacitance and dissipated power are incompletely stated so that they sometimes cause instability in solving the equations. In this paper, the equations given previously for the capacitance current and the dissipated power are first modified. We have considered different inward and outward current in the model, since there are different ions which make this two currents in the skin. Then, a special kind of genetic algorithm is applied to estimate the parameters of the model. The used algorithm is a powerful optimization tool against high-dimensional problems and can overcome the curse of dimensionality. In each iteration, it divides variable sets into two groups: a small set still variable and a large set frozen on their best values. Finally, modeling results are compared with experimental results. The comparison shows there is a good agreement between the modeling and experimental results especially in the steady state regime.

Evaluating Human-Computer Dialog Styles: Command vs. Form/Fill-in for Report Modification

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Ogden ◽  
James M. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Computer Users ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Human Computer Interface ◽  
The Third ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Interface Designs

This study compared three human-computer interface designs for a report modification task. The designs varied as a function of dialog style. One design represented a command dialog style, another design represented a form fill-in style, and the third design was a hybrid of the two styles. The performance of computer naive subjects was recorded as they used all three interface designs to make changes to the format of a computer generated tabular report. Results indicated that subjects performed better with and preferred to use the interface based on the form fill-in style. The conclusion was that a human-computer interface designed around a form fill-in dialog style will benefit naive computer users engaged in tasks like the report formatting task, which require the modification of a small set of parameters.

Information level and young children's phonological accuracy

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Goffman ◽  
Richard G. Schwartz ◽  
Klara Marton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Internal Process ◽  
The Third ◽  
Information Level ◽  
New Information ◽  
Production Accuracy

ABSTRACTThe influence of information level on the production accuracy of 20 children (22 to 28 months) was examined. The data were children's productions of nouns in sets of utterances referring to triplets of pictures representing noun-verb-noun utterances. In each triplet one noun remained the same, thus decreasing in information value from the first to the third picture (new, moderately old, and old information). Words representing new information were produced more accurately than words representing old information. The types of errors did not differ. Further evidence of this effect was provided by an examination of the duration of new versus old word productions by 12 of the children. Productions encoding new information were consistently longer on average than those encoding old information. The results provide experimental evidence of an effect observed in adults that indicates early sensitivity to information level. However, because of the children's young age, the effects are characterized as a speaker-internal process that only serendipitously corresponds to listener needs.

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