scholarly journals Music Lessons for the Study of Affect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. McCrae
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Cognitive Elaboration ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Temporal Form ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Evolution Of Music ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Affect Dynamics ◽  
Research Analysis

Some accounts of the evolution of music suggest that it emerged from emotionally expressive vocalizations and serves as a necessary counterweight to the cognitive elaboration of language. Thus, emotional expression appears to be intrinsic to the creation and perception of music, and music ought to serve as a model for affect itself. Because music exists as patterns of changes in sound over time, affect should also be seen in patterns of changing feelings. Psychologists have given relatively little attention to these patterns. Results from statistical approaches to the analysis of affect dynamics have so far been modest. Two of the most significant treatments of temporal patterns in affect—sentics and vitality affects have remained outside mainstream emotion research. Analysis of musical structure suggests three phenomena relevant to the temporal form of emotion: affect contours, volitional affects, and affect transitions. I discuss some implications for research on affect and for exploring the evolutionary origins of music and emotions.

Recovery from memory failure when recalling a memorized performance: The role of musical structure and performance cues

2021 ◽  
pp. 102986492110254
Author(s):  
Roger Chaffin ◽  
Jane Ginsborg ◽  
James Dixon ◽  
Alexander P. Demos
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Music ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Memory Failure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Written Recall ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
Over Time

To perform reliably and confidently from memory, musicians must able to recover from mistakes and memory failures. We describe how an experienced singer (the second author) recovered from mistakes and gaps in recall as she periodically recalled the score of a piece of vocal music that she had memorized for public performance, writing out the music six times over a five-year period following the performance. Five years after the performance, the singer was still able to recall two-thirds of the piece. When she made mistakes, she recovered and went on, leaving gaps in her written recall that lengthened over time. We determined where in the piece gaps started ( losses) and ended ( gains), and compared them with the locations of structural beats (starts of sections and phrases) and performance cues ( PCs) that the singer reported using as mental landmarks to keep track of her progress through the piece during the sung, public performance. Gains occurred on structural beats where there was a PC; losses occurred on structural beats without a PC. As the singer’s memory faded over time, she increasingly forgot phrases that did not start with a PC and recovered at the starts of phrases that did. Our study shows how PCs enable musicians to recover from memory failures.

scholarly journals Polyphony and Poikilia: Theology and Aesthetics in the Exegesis of Tradition in Georgian Chant

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
(Freedman)
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Folk Song ◽  
Geometrical Approach ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
Over Time

Georgian polyphonic chant and folk song is beginning to receive scholarly attention outside its homeland, and is a useful case study in several respects. This study focuses on the theological nature of its musical material, examining relevant examples in light of the patristic understanding of hierarchy and prototype and of iconography and liturgy. After brief historical and theological discussions, chant variants and paraliturgical songs from various periods and regions are analysed in depth, using a primarily geometrical approach, describing the iconography and significance of style, musical structure, contrapuntal relationships, melodic figuration, and ornamentation. Aesthetics and compositional processes are discussed, and the theological approach in turn sheds light on questions of historical development. It is demonstrated that Georgian polyphony is a rich repository of theology of the Trinity and the Incarnation, and the article concludes with broad theological reflections on the place of sound as it relates to text, prayer, and tradition over time.

scholarly journals Using free association networks to extract characteristic patterns of affect dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 476 (2236) ◽  
pp. 20190647
Author(s):  
Yaniv Dover ◽  
Zohar Moore
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Free Association ◽  
Metastable Equilibrium ◽  
Association Network ◽  
Global Equilibrium ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Affect Dynamics

The dynamics of human affect in day-to-day life are an intrinsic part of human behaviour. Yet, it is difficult to observe and objectively measure how affect evolves over time with sufficient resolution. Here, we suggest an approach that combines free association networks with affect mapping, to gain insight into basic patterns of affect dynamics. This approach exploits the established connection in the literature between association networks and behaviour. Using extant rich data, we find consistent patterns of the dynamics of the valence and arousal dimensions of affect. First, we find that the individuals represented by the data tend to feel a constant pull towards an affect-neutral global equilibrium point in the valence–arousal space. The farther the affect is from that point, the stronger the pull. We find that the drift of affect exhibits high inertia, i.e. is slow-changing, but with occasional discontinuous jumps of valence. We further find that, under certain conditions, another metastable equilibrium point emerges on the network, but one which represents a much more negative and agitated state of affect. Finally, we demonstrate how the affect-coded association network can be used to identify useful or harmful trajectories of associative thoughts that otherwise are hard to extract.

scholarly journals Analysis of risk factors associated with renal function trajectory over time: a comparison of different statistical approaches

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1237-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Leffondre ◽  
Julie Boucquemont ◽  
Giovanni Tripepi ◽  
Vianda S. Stel ◽  
Georg Heinze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Over Time

4. Retracing evolution across space and time

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Mark V. Lomolino
Keyword(s):  
Life Forms ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Natural Life ◽  
Over Time

Evolution occurs not only over time, but across space as well. “Retracing evolution across space and time” explores the sub-discipline of historical biogeography, giving an overview of approaches used to reconstruct the geographic and evolutionary origins of the lineages of natural life forms. Contemporary approaches to mapping these lineages confirm Buffon’s Law—that environmentally similar but isolated regions have different plant and animal life. These maps aim to delineate the regions of life and describe their biotic composition.

Estimating change in soil organic carbon using legacy data as the baseline: issues, approaches and lessons to learn

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Karunaratne ◽  
T. F. A. Bishop ◽  
I. O. A. Odeh ◽  
J. A. Baldock ◽  
B. P. Marchant
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Legacy Data ◽  
Over Time

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) in maintaining soil health is well understood. However, there is growing interest in studying SOC with an emphasis on quantifying its changes in space and time. This is because of the potential for soil to be used to sequester atmospheric C. There are many issues which make this difficult, for example shortcomings in sampling designs, and differences in vertical and lateral sampling supports between surveys, particularly if legacy data are used as the baseline survey. In this study, we systematically work through these issues and show how a protocol can be developed using design-based and model-based statistical approaches to estimate changes in SOC in space and time at different spatial supports. We demonstrate this protocol in a small subcatchment in the upper Namoi valley for estimating the change in SOC over time, whereby the baseline dataset was collected during 1999–2001 and is compared with a dataset from November 2010. The results from both design-based and model-based approaches revealed a drop in SOC across the catchment between the two survey periods. A 0.26% drop in SOC was reported globally across the catchment. Nevertheless, the change in SOC reported for both approaches was not statistically significant.

How are Music and Emotion Links Studied?

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Musical Score ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Music And Emotion

This chapter considers ways to establish links between musical features and specific emotions. The first step is usually to conduct an experiment, in which listeners rate the emotional expression of different excerpts of music — either music from commercial recordings or pieces created specifically for the study. The next step is to extract musical features associated with emotion categories. This can be done in four ways: analyzing the musical score of the pieces; relying on experts, such as music theorists and musicians, asking them to rate various aspects of the musical structure; measuring acoustic parameters of the music (e.g. sound level, timing, frequency spectrum of the timbre), using dedicated computer software; and manipulating specific musical features in synthesized (computerized) performances, to evaluate how they influence a listener's judgments of emotional expression.

Statistical Approaches for Modeling Ice Sheet Interconnectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Martinez ◽  
Luke Jackson ◽  
Felix Pretis ◽  
Katarina Juselius
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Sudden Loss ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Ice Leads ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Run Theory

<p>The greatest sources of uncertainty for future sea-level rise are the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. An important aspect of this uncertainty is the potential interconnectivity between them, which may amplify underlying instabilities in individual ice sheets. We explore these connections empirically by modelling the ice sheets as a cointegrated system. We consider two specications which allow the ice sheets to follow either an I(1) or an I(2) process in order to disentangle the long-run theory consistent relationships in the data. We examine the stability of these relationships over time both in and out of sample and eximine how a sudden loss of ice in Greenland propagates through the system. We show that a 1 Gigatonne loss of ice leads to a large and persistent loss of ice in West Arctica which is partially offset by an accumulation of ice in East Antarctica. Accounting for the long-run interactions between the ice sheets helps to improve our understanding of future instabilities and provides useful projections of the future paths of the ice sheets.</p>

scholarly journals How to Capture Reciprocal Communication Dynamics: Comparing Longitudinal Statistical Approaches in Order to Analyze Within- and Between-Person Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Thomas ◽  
Adam Shehata ◽  
Lukas P Otto ◽  
Judith Möller ◽  
Elisabeth Prestele
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Longitudinal Models ◽  
Reciprocal Relations ◽  
Data Capturing ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Communication Dynamics ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Choosing an appropriate statistical model to analyze reciprocal relations between individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors over time can be challenging. Often, decisions for or against specific models are rather implicit and it remains unclear whether the statistical approach fits the theory of interest. For longitudinal models, this is problematic since within- and between-person processes can be confounded leading to wrong conclusions. Taking the perspective of the reinforcing spirals model (RSM) focusing on media effects and selection, we compare six statistical models that were recently used to analyze the RSM and show their ability to separate within- and between-person components. Using empirical data capturing respondents’ development during adolescence, we show that results vary across statistical models. Further, Monte Carlo simulations indicate that some approaches might lead to wrong conclusions if specific communication dynamics are present. In sum, we recommend using approaches that explicitly model and clearly separate within- and between-person effects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document