Statistical Approaches to Assess the Effects of Disease on Neurocognitive Function Over Time

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) in maintaining soil health is well understood. However, there is growing interest in studying SOC with an emphasis on quantifying its changes in space and time. This is because of the potential for soil to be used to sequester atmospheric C. There are many issues which make this difficult, for example shortcomings in sampling designs, and differences in vertical and lateral sampling supports between surveys, particularly if legacy data are used as the baseline survey. In this study, we systematically work through these issues and show how a protocol can be developed using design-based and model-based statistical approaches to estimate changes in SOC in space and time at different spatial supports. We demonstrate this protocol in a small subcatchment in the upper Namoi valley for estimating the change in SOC over time, whereby the baseline dataset was collected during 1999–2001 and is compared with a dataset from November 2010. The results from both design-based and model-based approaches revealed a drop in SOC across the catchment between the two survey periods. A 0.26% drop in SOC was reported globally across the catchment. Nevertheless, the change in SOC reported for both approaches was not statistically significant.

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Music Lessons for the Study of Affect

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.760167 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Robert R. McCrae

Keyword(s):

Emotional Expression ◽

Musical Structure ◽

Cognitive Elaboration ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Temporal Form ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Evolution Of Music ◽

Over Time ◽

Affect Dynamics ◽

Research Analysis

Some accounts of the evolution of music suggest that it emerged from emotionally expressive vocalizations and serves as a necessary counterweight to the cognitive elaboration of language. Thus, emotional expression appears to be intrinsic to the creation and perception of music, and music ought to serve as a model for affect itself. Because music exists as patterns of changes in sound over time, affect should also be seen in patterns of changing feelings. Psychologists have given relatively little attention to these patterns. Results from statistical approaches to the analysis of affect dynamics have so far been modest. Two of the most significant treatments of temporal patterns in affect—sentics and vitality affects have remained outside mainstream emotion research. Analysis of musical structure suggests three phenomena relevant to the temporal form of emotion: affect contours, volitional affects, and affect transitions. I discuss some implications for research on affect and for exploring the evolutionary origins of music and emotions.

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Statistical Approaches for Modeling Ice Sheet Interconnectivity

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12487 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Martinez ◽

Luke Jackson ◽

Felix Pretis ◽

Katarina Juselius

Keyword(s):

Ice Sheets ◽

Sudden Loss ◽

Sources Of Uncertainty ◽

Long Run ◽

Out Of Sample ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Ice Leads ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time ◽

Run Theory

<p>The greatest sources of uncertainty for future sea-level rise are the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. An important aspect of this uncertainty is the potential interconnectivity between them, which may amplify underlying instabilities in individual ice sheets. We explore these connections empirically by modelling the ice sheets as a cointegrated system. We consider two specications which allow the ice sheets to follow either an I(1) or an I(2) process in order to disentangle the long-run theory consistent relationships in the data. We examine the stability of these relationships over time both in and out of sample and eximine how a sudden loss of ice in Greenland propagates through the system. We show that a 1 Gigatonne loss of ice leads to a large and persistent loss of ice in West Arctica which is partially offset by an accumulation of ice in East Antarctica. Accounting for the long-run interactions between the ice sheets helps to improve our understanding of future instabilities and provides useful projections of the future paths of the ice sheets.</p>

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How to Capture Reciprocal Communication Dynamics: Comparing Longitudinal Statistical Approaches in Order to Analyze Within- and Between-Person Effects

Journal of Communication ◽

10.1093/joc/jqab003 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fabian Thomas ◽

Adam Shehata ◽

Lukas P Otto ◽

Judith Möller ◽

Elisabeth Prestele

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Statistical Model ◽

Statistical Models ◽

Statistical Approach ◽

Longitudinal Models ◽

Reciprocal Relations ◽

Data Capturing ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Communication Dynamics ◽

Over Time

Abstract Choosing an appropriate statistical model to analyze reciprocal relations between individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors over time can be challenging. Often, decisions for or against specific models are rather implicit and it remains unclear whether the statistical approach fits the theory of interest. For longitudinal models, this is problematic since within- and between-person processes can be confounded leading to wrong conclusions. Taking the perspective of the reinforcing spirals model (RSM) focusing on media effects and selection, we compare six statistical models that were recently used to analyze the RSM and show their ability to separate within- and between-person components. Using empirical data capturing respondents’ development during adolescence, we show that results vary across statistical models. Further, Monte Carlo simulations indicate that some approaches might lead to wrong conclusions if specific communication dynamics are present. In sum, we recommend using approaches that explicitly model and clearly separate within- and between-person effects.

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A Pendulum Swung Too Far

Linguistic Issues in Language Technology ◽

10.33011/lilt.v6i.1245 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth Church

Keyword(s):

Machine Translation ◽

Computational Linguistics ◽

Long Distance ◽

Translation Research ◽

Distant Future ◽

Parallel Corpora ◽

Linguistic Representations ◽

Finite State ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Over Time

Today's students might be faced with a very different set of challenges from those of the 1990s in the not-too-distant future. What should they do when most of the low hanging fruit has been pretty much picked over? In the particular case of Machine Translation, the revival of statistical approaches (e.g., Brown et al. (1993)) started out with finite-state methods for pragmatic reasons, but gradually over time, researchers have become more and more receptive to the use of syntax to capture long-distance dependences, especially when there isn't very much parallel corpora, and for language pairs with very different word orders (e.g., translating between a subject-verb-object (SVO) language like English and a verb final language like Japanese). Going forward, we should expect Machine Translation research to make more and more use of richer and richer linguistic representations. So too, there will soon be a day when stress will become important for speech recognition. Since it isn't possible for textbooks in computational linguistics to cover all of these topics, we should work with colleagues in other departments to make sure that students receive an education that is broad enough to prepare them for all possible futures, or at least all probable futures.

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Combined Use of Graphical and Statistical Approaches for Analyzing Historical Precipitation Changes in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Water ◽

10.3390/w12030705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 705 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Taner Mustafa Cengiz ◽

Hossein Tabari ◽

Charles Onyutha ◽

Ozgur Kisi

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Statistical Methods ◽

Black Sea ◽

Water Cycle ◽

The Black Sea ◽

Black Sea Region ◽

Combined Use ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Precipitation Changes ◽

Over Time

Many statistical methods have been developed and used over time to analyze historical changes in hydrological time series, given the socioeconomic consequences of the changes in the water cycle components. The classical statistical methods, however, rely on many assumptions on the time series to be examined such as the normality, temporal and spatial independency and the constancy of the data distribution over time. When the assumptions are not fulfilled by the data, test results are not reliable. One way to relax these cumbersome assumptions and credibilize the results of statistical approaches is to make a combined use of graphical and statistical methods. To this end, two graphical methods of the refined cumulative sum of the difference between exceedance and non-exceedance counts of data points (CSD) and innovative trend analyses (ITA)-change boxes alongside the classical statistical Mann–Kendall (MK) method are used to analyze historical precipitation changes at 16 stations during 1960–2015 in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The results show a good match between the results of the graphical and statistical methods. The graphical CSD and ITA methods, however, are able to identify the hidden trends in the precipitation time series that cannot be detected using the statistical MK method.

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Soil nematode assemblages in an acid soil as affected by lime application

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00002860 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 179-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jie Zhao ◽

Cancan Zhao ◽

Songze Wan ◽

Xiaoli Wang ◽

Lixia Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Soil ◽

Trophic Group ◽

Nematode Community ◽

Soil Nematode ◽

Nematode Communities ◽

Soil Nematode Community ◽

Lime Application ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Over Time ◽

Soil Nematode Communities

Liming can affect soil biota through alterations in soil pH and soil structure. Many earlier studies monitored the responses of soil nematode communities to lime application but they did not come to a consensus and did not use indices of soil nematode community and multivariate statistical approaches developed over the past two decades. The present research explored the short-term effects of lime application on soil nematode communities in an acrisol in three Eucalyptus plantations in southern China. Nematodes were sampled from control and lime-treated plots at three periods from October 2011 to February 2012 at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depths. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that lime application significantly reduced the abundance of herbivores at 10-20 cm depth during the study. Lime application tended to increase the bacterivore index at 0-10 cm depth over time. Principal response curves of soil nematode community structure, in terms of nematode trophic group composition, revealed that the differences between control and lime application treatments increased over time, primarily because of the decline of fungivores in plots treated with lime. The decline in fungivores resulted mainly from declines of Filenchus and Ditylenchus. The results suggest that the fungal-mediated decomposition channel in the soil food web was suppressed by lime application. Our study also demonstrated that the sensitivity of different nematode genera to lime application varied widely, even for genera within the same trophic group. In particular, the abundance of several bacterivorous genera (Prismatolaimus, Plectus, Wilsonema, Protorhabditis, Diploscapter and Heterocephalobus) gradually declined and that of Rhabditonema at 0-10 cm depth gradually increased following lime application during the study; two herbivorous genera, Trophotylenchulus and Helicotylenchus, had opposite responses to lime application at 0-10 cm depth. Integrating univariate statistical approaches with multivariate approaches facilitated the analysis of soil nematode responses to lime application.

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Statistical Approaches for Treatments over Time (Repeated Observations) in Nile Tilapia

Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.5455/ajvs.16828 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Fatma Abdallah

Keyword(s):

Nile Tilapia ◽

Repeated Observations ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Over Time

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Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000365 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David Hirshleifer ◽

Siew Hong Teoh

Keyword(s):

Cultural Evolution ◽

Social Transmission ◽

Cognitive Approach ◽

Economic Problems ◽

Economic Attitudes ◽

The Social ◽

Economic Beliefs ◽

Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

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