Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale among Blacks and Whites

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) is the most frequently used scale for measuring depressive symptomatology in caregiving research. The aim of this study is to test its construct structure and measurement equivalence between caregivers from two Spanish-speaking countries. Face-to-face interviews were carried out with 595 female dementia caregivers from Madrid, Spain, and from Coahuila, Mexico. The structure of the CES-D was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA, respectively). Measurement invariance across samples was analyzed comparing a baseline model with a more restrictive model. Significant differences between means were found for 7 items. The results of the EFA clearly supported a four-factor solution. The CFA for the whole sample with the four factors revealed high and statistically significant loading coefficients for all items (except item number 4). When equality constraints were imposed to test for the invariance between countries, the change in chi-square was significant, indicating that complete invariance could not be assumed. Significant between-countries differences were found for three of the four latent factor mean scores. Although the results provide general support for the original four-factor structure, caution should be exercised on reporting comparisons of depression scores between Spanish-speaking countries.

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The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale With a Young Adolescent Population: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Multivariate Behavioral Research ◽

10.1207/s15327906mbr4102_3 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 147-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Glenn Phillips ◽

William Shadish ◽

David Murray ◽

Martha Kubik ◽

Leslie Lytle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Young Adolescent ◽

Adolescent Population ◽

Confirmatory Factor

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Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in Oncology With Examination of Invariance Between Younger and Older Patients

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000510 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 229-236

Author(s):

Rebecca M. Saracino ◽

Heining Cham ◽

Barry Rosenfeld ◽

Christian J. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Second Order ◽

Cancer Center ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Order Factor

Abstract. Accurate measurement of depressive symptoms in the cancer setting is critical for ensuring optimal quality of life and patient outcomes. The present study compared the one-factor, correlated two-factor, correlated four-factor, and second-order factor models of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), a commonly used measure in oncology settings. Given the importance of adequate psychometric performance of the CES-D across age groups, a second aim was to examine measurement invariance between younger and older adults with cancer. Participants ( N = 663) were recruited from outpatient clinics at a large cancer center. Over one-fourth of the sample endorsed clinically significant depressive symptoms (25.9%, n = 165). Confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D supported the hypothesized correlated four-factor model as the best fit. The second-order factor also demonstrated good fit, but interpretations of the factors were more complex. Factors were highly correlated (range = .38–.91). There was also support for full scalar invariance between age groups, suggesting that regardless of age, respondents endorse the same response category for the same level of the latent trait (i.e., depression) on the CES-D. Taken together, the results suggest that the CES-D is a viable depression screening option for oncology settings and does not require scoring adjustments for respondent age.

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The French Version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) in a Nonclinical Sample

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000158 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 119-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Martine Bouvard ◽

Anne Denis ◽

Jean-Luc Roulin

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽

Child Anxiety ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Generalized Anxiety ◽

French Version ◽

Confirmatory Factor

This article investigates the psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS). A group of 704 adolescents completed the questionnaires in their classrooms. This study examines potential confirmatory factor analysis factor models of the RCADS as well as the relationships between the RCADS and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Revised (SCARED-R). A subsample of 595 adolescents also completed an anxiety questionnaire (Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised, FSSC-R) and a depression questionnaire (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D). Confirmatory factor analysis of the RCADS suggests that the 6-factor model reasonably fits the data. All subscales were positively intercorrelated, with rs varying between .48 (generalized anxiety disorder-major depression disorder) and .65 (generalized anxiety disorder-social phobia/obsessive-compulsive disorder). The RCADS total score and all the RCADS scales were found to have good internal consistency (> .70). The correlations between the RCADS subscales and their SCARED-R counterparts are generally substantial. Convergent validity was found with the FSSC-R and the CES-D. The study included normal adolescents aged 10 to 19. Therefore, the findings cannot be extended to children under 10, nor to a clinical population. Altogether, the French version of the RCADS showed reasonable psychometric properties.

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The structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in four cohorts of community-based, healthy older people: the HALCyon program

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610210000256 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 559-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Catharine R. Gale ◽

Michael Allerhand ◽

Avan Aihie Sayer ◽

Cyrus Cooper ◽

Elaine M. Dennison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Older People ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Model ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Hospital Anxiety ◽

Men And Women ◽

Confirmatory Factor

ABSTRACTBackground: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is widely used but evaluation of its psychometric properties has produced equivocal results. Little is known about its structure in non-clinical samples of older people.Methods: We used data from four cohorts in the HALCyon collaborative research program into healthy aging: the Caerphilly Prospective Study, the Hertfordshire Ageing Study, the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, and the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. We used exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with multi-group comparisons to establish the structure of the HADS and test for factorial invariance between samples.Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed a bi-dimensional structure (anxiety and depression) of the scale in men and women in each cohort. We tested a hypothesized three-factor model but high correlations between two of the factors made a two-factor model more psychologically plausible. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the sizes of the respective item loadings on the two factors were effectively identical in men and women from the same cohort. There was more variation between cohorts, particularly those from different parts of the U.K. and in whom the HADS was administered differently. Differences in social-class distribution accounted for part of this variation.Conclusions: Scoring the HADS as two subscales of anxiety and depression is appropriate in non-clinical populations of older men and women. However, there were differences between cohorts in the way that individual items were linked with the constructs of anxiety and depression, perhaps due to differences in sociocultural factors and/or in the administration of the scale.

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