Effect of Puffing Behavior on Particle Size Distributions and Respiratory Depositions From Pod-Style Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Products

The current fourth generation (“pod-style”) electronic cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) heat a liquid (“e-liquid”) contained in a reservoir (“pod”) using a battery-powered coil to deliver aerosol into the lungs. A portion of inhaled EVP aerosol is estimated as exhaled, which can present a potential secondhand exposure risk to bystanders. The effects of modifiable factors using either a prefilled disposable or refillable pod-style EVPs on aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) and its respiratory deposition are poorly understood. In this study, the influence of up to six puff profiles (55-, 65-, and 75-ml puff volumes per 6.5 and 7.5 W EVP power settings) on PSD was evaluated using a popular pod-style EVP (JUUL® brand) and a cascade impactor. JUUL® brand EVPs were used to aerosolize the manufacturers' e-liquids in their disposable pods and laboratory prepared “reference e-liquid” (without flavorings or nicotine) in refillable pods. The modeled dosimetry and calculated aerosol mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional respiratory deposition. From these results, exhaled fraction of EVP aerosols was calculated as a surrogate of the secondhand exposure potential. Overall, MMADs did not differ among puff profiles, except for 55- and 75-ml volumes at 7.5 W (p < 0.05). For the reference e-liquid, MMADs ranged from 1.02 to 1.23 μm and dosimetry calculations predicted that particles would deposit in the head region (36–41%), in the trachea-bronchial (TB) region (19–21%), and in the pulmonary region (40–43%). For commercial JUUL® e-liquids, MMADs ranged from 0.92 to 1.67 μm and modeling predicted that more particles would deposit in the head region (35–52%) and in the pulmonary region (30–42%). Overall, 30–40% of the particles aerosolized by a pod-style EVP were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region and 50–70% of the inhaled EVP aerosols could be exhaled; the latter could present an inhalational hazard to bystanders in indoor occupational settings. More research is needed to understand the influence of other modifiable factors on PSD and exposure potential.

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Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements

Inhalation Toxicology ◽

10.3109/08958378.2012.744781 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (14) ◽

pp. 976-984 ◽

Cited By ~ 121

Author(s):

Bradley J. Ingebrethsen ◽

Stephen K. Cole ◽

Steven L. Alderman

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Aerosol Particle ◽

Electronic Cigarette ◽

Aerosol Particle Size

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Cyclosporin A liposome aerosol: Particle size and calculated respiratory deposition

International Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1016/0378-5173(93)90140-b ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 97 (1-3) ◽

pp. 205-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

J.C. Waldrep ◽

P.W. Scherer ◽

K. Keyhani ◽

V. Knight

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Cyclosporin A ◽

Aerosol Particle ◽

Respiratory Deposition ◽

Aerosol Particle Size

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Modeled Respiratory Tract Deposition of Aerosolized Oil Diluents Used in Δ9-THC-Based Electronic Cigarette Liquid Products

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.744166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Anand Ranpara ◽

Aleksandr B. Stefaniak ◽

Kenneth Williams ◽

Elizabeth Fernandez ◽

Ryan F. LeBouf

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Electronic Cigarette ◽

Aerosol Size Distribution ◽

Geometric Standard Deviation ◽

Aerosol Mass ◽

Respiratory Deposition ◽

Liquid Products ◽

Particle Dosimetry

Electronic cigarette, or vaping, products (EVP) heat liquids (“e-liquids”) that contain substances (licit or illicit) and deliver aerosolized particles into the lungs. Commercially available oils such as Vitamin-E-acetate (VEA), Vitamin E oil, coconut, and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) were often the constituents of e-liquids associated with an e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the mass-based physical characteristics of the aerosolized e-liquids prepared using these oil diluents. These characteristics were particle size distributions for modeling regional respiratory deposition and puff-based total aerosol mass for estimating the number of particles delivered to the respiratory tract. Four types of e-liquids were prepared by adding terpenes to oil diluents individually: VEA, Vitamin E oil, coconut oil, and MCT. A smoking machine was used to aerosolize each e-liquid at a predetermined puff topography (volume of 55 ml for 3 s with 30-s intervals between puffs). A cascade impactor was used to collect the size-segregated aerosol for calculating the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). The respiratory deposition of EVP aerosols on inhalation was estimated using the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry model. From these results, the exhaled fraction of EVP aerosols was calculated as a surrogate of secondhand exposure potential. The MMAD of VEA (0.61 μm) was statistically different compared to MCT (0.38 μm) and coconut oil (0.47 μm) but not to Vitamin E oil (0.58 μm); p < 0.05. Wider aerosol size distribution was observed for VEA (GSD 2.35) and MCT (GSD 2.08) compared with coconut oil (GSD 1.53) and Vitamin E oil (GSD 1.55). Irrespective of the statistical differences between MMADs, dosimetry modeling resulted in the similar regional and lobular deposition of particles for all e-liquids in the respiratory tract. The highest (~0.08 or more) fractional deposition was predicted in the pulmonary region, which is consistent as the site of injury among EVALI cases. Secondhand exposure calculations indicated that a substantial amount of EVP aerosols could be exhaled, which has potential implications for bystanders. The number of EVALI cases has declined with the removal of VEA; however, further research is required to investigate the commonly available commercial ingredients used in e-liquid preparations.

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Neutralization of acidic sulfates with ammonia in volcanic origin aerosol particles

Lithuanian Journal of Physics ◽

10.3952/physics.v56i1.3275 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jonas Šakalys ◽

Ernesta Meinorė ◽

Kęstutis Kvietkus

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Aerosol Particle ◽

Particle Surface ◽

First Episode ◽

Aerodynamic Diameter ◽

Volcanic Origin ◽

Air Masses ◽

Aerosol Mass ◽

Aerosol Particle Size ◽

Sulfate Particle

Volcanic pollutants emitted during the Grimsvötn volcano eruption in Iceland on 21 May 2011 were unexpectedly captured from 24 until 29 May 2011 at the Institute of Physics, Vilnius. Measurements were performed using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer. This paper aims to address the question whether the extent of neutralization is dependent on the aerosol particle size in submicron range particles (PM1). Data from two episodes of volcanic pollutants in advected air masses were chosen for examination. The first episode lasted from 0700 to 1400 UTC 25 May and the second episode lasted from 0400 until 1100 UTC 26 May. It was observed that the extent of acidic sulfate particle neutralization with atmospheric ammonia depends on the aerosol particle size. The extent of neutralization decreased when the particle aerodynamic diameter increased. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of few tenths of nanometres tended to be fully neutralized and those with a consecutively increasing diameter of up to 1 µm were only partially neutralized. The assessment of ambient ammonia flux onto the adjacent aerosol particle surface was performed. It was shown that the flux of ammonia can vary approximately from 30 to 74 µg m–2 h–1.

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1974 operational report for METROMEX. [Aerial monitoring of aerosol particle size distributions for development of mathematical air pollution model]

10.2172/5027925 ◽

1974 ◽

Author(s):

Jr., R. R. Braham

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Particle Size ◽

Aerosol Particle ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Particle Size Distributions ◽

Aerosol Particle Size ◽

Air Pollution Model

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The diffusion battery method for aerosol particle size determination

Journal of Colloid Science ◽

10.1016/0095-8522(55)90037-4 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 246-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Jess W Thomas

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Aerosol Particle ◽

Size Determination ◽

Particle Size Determination ◽

Aerosol Particle Size ◽

Diffusion Battery

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Studies of silver iodide ice-forming activity—II. influence of aerosol particle size and structure on the ice-forming activity

Journal of Aerosol Science ◽

10.1016/0021-8502(80)90145-7 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 61-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A.M. Baklanov ◽

B.Z. Gorbunov ◽

N.A. Kakutkina ◽

K.P. Koutzenogii

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Aerosol Particle ◽

Silver Iodide ◽

Aerosol Particle Size ◽

Particle Size And Structure ◽

Size And Structure

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The Research Possibility of Definition Mass Biological Nanoobjects Using Terahertz Laser Ablation Method

Siberian Journal of Physics ◽

10.54362/1818-7919-2009-4-3-74-77 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

Mikhail Vagin ◽

Anton Unitsyn ◽

Aleksandr Petrov ◽

Aleksandr Kozlov ◽

Sergey Malyshkin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Laser Ablation ◽

Molecular Mass ◽

Aerosol Particle ◽

Free Electron ◽

Free Electron Laser ◽

Thz Radiation ◽

Laser Ablation Method ◽

Aerosol Particle Size ◽

Mass Definition

Possibility of mass definition using terahertz laser ablation method for biological nanoobjects is researched. Diffusion spectrometer of aerosols was applied for measuring the size of dispersed products of terahertz laser ablation. Dependence of molecular mass from the aerosol particle size was obtained for fragments of DNA λ-hind. This work was carried out using THz radiation of free electron laser of Siberian center of photochemical researches.

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