scholarly journals Cautery Disbudding Iron Application Time and Brain Injury in Goat Kids: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa N. Hempstead ◽  
Jan K. Shearer ◽  
Mhairi A. Sutherland ◽  
Jennifer L. Fowler ◽  
Joseph S. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
State University ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gross Examination

Cautery disbudding is a painful procedure performed on goat kids to prevent horn growth that may result in brain injury. Thermal damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain and subsequent neurologic disease is a primary concern. Cautery iron application time may affect transmission of heat to the brain; however, research in this area is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of iron application time on brain injury of goat kids. A total of six buck and doe kids <9 days of age were obtained from a commercial dairy and transported to an Iowa State University research facility. Kids received a different randomly assigned application time (5, 10, 15, or 20s) on each horn bud. Kids were disbudded using an electric cautery iron (under isoflurane general anesthesia). After a 5-day observation period, the kids were euthanized, and magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired to evaluate brain injury. Additionally, four of the six kids were presented for gross examination and two kids were selected for histopathologic examination. From the MR images, white matter edema was observed subjacent to four treated areas, representing application times of 5 s (one horn bud), 15 s (one horn bud), and 20 s (two horn buds). With the exception of the horn bud that received 5 s, which had white matter edema restricted to a single gyrus, the remaining three groups had a branching region of edema. No bone abnormalities were identified on any kids. Gross evidence of discoloration and hemorrhage on the cerebral hemispheres was observed on two horn buds that received 20 s, two horn buds that received 15 s, and one horn bud that received 10 s. Microscopic lesions consisting of leptomeningeal and cerebrocortical necrosis were observed in sections of brain from all groups. Lesions were most severe with 20 s. In conclusion, all application times used in this study resulted in some level of brain injury; however, using 15 s or more resulted in more severe and consistent brain injury. These results indicate that extended iron application time may increase the risk of brain injury in cautery disbudded kids.

Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
CP Gilmore ◽  
JJG Geurts ◽  
N Evangelou ◽  
JCJ Bot ◽  
RA van Schijndel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
High Field ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
The Brain

Background Post-mortem studies demonstrate extensive grey matter demyelination in MS, both in the brain and in the spinal cord. However the clinical significance of these plaques is unclear, largely because they are grossly underestimated by MR imaging at conventional field strengths. Indeed post-mortem MR studies suggest the great majority of lesions in the cerebral cortex go undetected, even when performed at high field. Similar studies have not been performed using post-mortem spinal cord material. Aim To assess the sensitivity of high field post-mortem MRI for detecting grey matter lesions in the spinal cord in MS. Methods Autopsy material was obtained from 11 MS cases and 2 controls. Proton Density-weighted images of this formalin-fixed material were acquired at 4.7Tesla before the tissue was sectioned and stained for Myelin Basic Protein. Both the tissue sections and the MR images were scored for grey matter and white matter plaques, with the readers of the MR images being blinded to the histopathology results. Results Our results indicate that post-mortem imaging at 4.7Tesla is highly sensitive for cord lesions, detecting 87% of white matter lesions and 73% of grey matter lesions. The MR changes were highly specific for demyelination, with all lesions scored on MRI corresponding to areas of demyelination. Conclusion Our work suggests that spinal cord grey matter lesions may be detected on MRI more readily than GM lesions in the brain, making the cord a promising site to study the functional consequences of grey matter demyelination in MS.

Identification of a Transversely Isotropic Material Model for White Matter in the Brain

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Feng ◽  
Ruth J. Okamoto ◽  
Ravi Namani ◽  
Guy M. Genin ◽  
Philip V. Bayly
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Structural Anisotropy ◽  
Axonal Fiber ◽  
The Brain

Axonal fiber tracts in white matter of the brain form anisotropic structures. It is assumed that this structural anisotropy causes mechanical anisotropy, making white matter tissue stiffer along the axonal fiber direction. This, in turn, will affect the mechanical loading of axonal tracts during traumatic brain injury (TBI). The goal of this study is to use a combination of in-vitro tests to characterize the mechanical anisotropy of white matter and compare it to gray matter, which is thought to be structurally and mechanically isotropic. A more complete understanding of the mechanical anisotropy of brain tissue will provide more accurate information for computational simulations of brain injury.

scholarly journals Sudden Death of a Young Man by Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raheem Peerani ◽  
Meredith Berggren ◽  
Jayantha C. Herath
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Left Thigh ◽  
Singular Set ◽  
Fatal Complication ◽  
External Examination ◽  
Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microscopic Findings ◽  
Gross Examination

We report a case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in an adult man with a prodrome of “feeling unwell” two days prior to this death. At autopsy, external examination revealed minor external injuries including contusions on the scalp and left thigh and abrasions on the forehead and right eyebrow. Gross examination of the brain after coronal sectioning revealed multiple petechial hemorrhages in the white matter in the cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum. Microscopic examination of these lesions revealed demyelination, hemorrhage, and necrosis with fibrin exudation in a perivenular distribution with radial extension into the white matter. The remainder of the autopsy was unremarkable. This case highlights the death of a young man by a rare fatal complication of a natural disease only identified by a singular set of gross and microscopic findings at autopsy in circumstances that would otherwise suggest a nonnatural death. The case demonstrates the importance of a thorough autopsy in settings where the clinical history, scene, and circumstances may be misleading or absent.

scholarly journals White Matter Damage of the Brain is Associated with Poor Outcome in Vascular Surgery Patients with Claudication: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Virtanen ◽  
K.T. Utriainen ◽  
R. Parkkola ◽  
J.K. Airaksinen ◽  
R. Laitio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Vascular Surgery ◽  
White Matter Damage ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Classifying Dementia Using Local Binary Patterns from Different Regions in Magnetic Resonance Images

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketil Oppedal ◽  
Trygve Eftestøl ◽  
Kjersti Engan ◽  
Mona K. Beyer ◽  
Dag Aarsland
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Lewy Body Dementia ◽  
Local Binary Patterns ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Controls

Dementia is an evolving challenge in society, and no disease-modifying treatment exists. Diagnosis can be demanding and MR imaging may aid as a noninvasive method to increase prediction accuracy. We explored the use of 2D local binary pattern (LBP) extracted from FLAIR and T1 MR images of the brain combined with a Random Forest classifier in an attempt to discern patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and normal controls (NC). Analysis was conducted in areas with white matter lesions (WML) and all of white matter (WM). Results from 10-fold nested cross validation are reported as mean accuracy, precision, and recall with standard deviation in brackets. The best result we achieved was in the two-class problem NC versus AD + LBD with total accuracy of 0.98 (0.04). In the three-class problem AD versus LBD versus NC and the two-class problem AD versus LBD, we achieved 0.87 (0.08) and 0.74 (0.16), respectively. The performance using 3DT1 images was notably better than when using FLAIR images. The results from the WM region gave similar results as in the WML region. Our study demonstrates that LBP texture analysis in brain MR images can be successfully used for computer based dementia diagnosis.

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