Ocular Emergencies in Children

This chapter covers general bedside and chairside examination procedures and instruments used to examine a pediatric patient in an acute care setting. Pediatric patients may present to an emergency room or present emergently in any clinical setting with a wide variety of acute ocular conditions. When working in an emergency room or hospital-based setting, it is unlikely that a clinician will have all of the exam equipment typically used for routine care. The authors review the various ocular imaging techniques used to obtain a view of the internal structures of the eye, orbit, head, and brain when external examination is not sufficient. The procedures described aid the clinician in appropriately and thoroughly evaluating pediatric patients presenting with ocular emergencies.

High prevalence of anomalies in Nyctimantis brunoi (Anura: Hylidae) from a restinga protected area in southeastern Brazil

In the present study we monitored a population of Nyctimantis brunoi, a species commonly found in restingas of southeastern Brazil. Field activities were carried out in the Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ), a protected area located in the northern portion of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Specimens were sampled through a complete species inventory. We analyzed 218 individuals, 32 (14.7%) of which have anomalies. Additionally, a subsample of 15 specimens were radiographed to verify the occurrence of skeletal anomalies not externally detectable and to verify if the classification of anomalies attributed by means of external examination are detectable in the osteological structure of the specimen. There are 12 types of anomalies recognized in this population, three of them only detectable through internal investigation (radiography). We verified that most of anomalies externally detectable were correctly classified when compared to the osteological morphology of the radiographed specimens. Thus, in this investigation, the study of external malformations was capable to detect 60% of the types of anomalies. We conclude that further ecotoxicological and epidemiological studies of the population of N. brunoi in the PNRJ are necessary to establish the origins of anomalies in this species.

Forensic Medical Expertise in Traditional China: Legal Regulation and Practice

The article deals with the problems of forensic medical expertise in traditional China in the investigation of crimes related to murder and death of people under unknown circumstances. The research featured legal acts and related comments that regulated the procedure. The author focused on the treatise of the XIII century Sung Tzu's "Washing Away of Wrongs" (Hsi yüan lu), which became the first essay on forensic medicine in world history. This document was far ahead of European works on this topic and was still in use in the early XX century. Constant conflicts between non-official comments and legal norms were one of the most serious problems that judicial practice had to face. For instance, according to the century-long shiht’u practice, specially authorized employees (wutso) with no medical training were responsible for describing internal and external injuries on the human body. Medical education was not mandatory for those performing forensic medical examination because autopsy was prohibited under the threat of punishment in the form of hard labor, and all conclusions about the causes of death were made on the basis of external examination. However, the main problem was the legal responsibility for the falsification of forensic medical examination. It often affected innocent people while real criminals managed to escape punishment, which violated the yin-yang harmony.

Autopsy Findings on Decomposing Drowned Body: Identification of Specific Diagnostic Features of External, Internal, and Laboratory Examinations

BACKGROUND: Drowning is one type of asphyxia caused by the entry of fluid into the airway. Death due to drowning is one of the hardest things that are difficult to diagnose in the field of forensic medicine, primarily if the victim found to be in a decomposed state. The state of decomposed examination often does not show typical signs. The diagnosis of drowning can be reached after considering all the results of the forensic examination including external, internal, and laboratory examinations. CASE PRESENTATION: A body has been found in the residential area on the east side of the beach, Tambaksarioso Village, Asemrowo District, on Tuesday, May 18, 2021, at 13.30 West Indonesian Time and reported to the police for investigation. The body was then identified at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital by a forensic expert. External, internal, and laboratory investigations were conducted. On external examination, the corpse was not intact, with signs of decay, saponification, and violation. In an internal examination, sand in the airways and other signs of drowning were identified. In the acid destruction test using the right femur, a positive diatom result was obtained. CONCLUSION: A complete autopsy is vital to determine the cause and mechanism of death, reconstruct the events before death, and identify the victim. It is also essential to determine whether the deceased died by drowning was alive before entering the water. All injuries suffered by the victims should be described.

External study possibilities of a dead body solution about the death occurrence from psychotropic and narcotic drug poisoning

Background: Poisoning with psychotropic and narcotic substances is still leads to the general structure of fatal intoxications. A decreased traditional psychotropic and narcotic drug fatal poisoning and an increased new synthetic psychoactive substances and combined consumption are recorded in the country. Aims: This study aimed to study the dynamics of drug poisoning incidence according to the annual report data in 20172020 in the Krasnodar territory and establish their predominant etiology. Analyze the medical literature and identify the data mostly described during the external examination that suggests narcotic drug exposure possibility of the body. Comparison of the literature and external examination results of the corpse from the Expert Conclusions (Acts of forensic medical research) to further use the signs to create a profile of the suspected poisoned corpse with narcotic substances. Material and methods: The study material includes the annual reports of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution Bureau SME of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory in 20172020, archival medical documentation autopsy reports in cases of death from narcotic substances; domestic and foreign literary sources. Results: In the Krasnodar Territory, opiates account for a large proportion of drug deaths. Psychotropic and narcotic drug intake is often (up to 30%) combined with alcohol consumption. The study showed that forensic pathology rarely uses external signs that make up the profile of a corpse suspected of drug poisoning at the initial stage. The most common signs (in 50% of cases) were: injection traces, cyanotic and flushed face, conjunctival hemorrhages, and whitish-pink foam in the nose or mouth openings. Others were not given due attention. Conclusion: The research topic dictates the need for further study and problem development, accumulation, and systematization of the obtained material for subsequent use.

USING OF ICT DURING PREPARATION FOR EIA: WAYS TO SEARCH FOR THE OPTIMAL MODEL

Formulation of the problem. The urgency of improving the methodology of preparation for the external examination in mathematics is currently beyond doubt. Earlier we found that electronic tools in preparation for EIA in mathematics are unpopular among entrants, but positive trends in the development of ICT to prepare for testing in mathematics are also present. The current motivation for the use of technology in mathematics teaching is the current pandemic situation, when the introduction of quarantines and long periods of online learning are beginning to be perceived by students and teachers as normal learning situations. Under these circumstances, mathematics teachers are forced to use ICT, create and develop new forms of organization of the educational process, improve and adapt teaching methods and technologies. The purpose of this article is to establish the feasibility of using ICT, their place and role in preparing for external evaluation in mathematics from the standpoint of teachers and tutors, as well as to determine how modern technology helps or hinders the search for optimal methods of preparation for this type of assessment. Materials and methods. To achieve the goals of the article, we use empirical methods: our own survey using an electronic tool (Google form), monitoring the learning process of students, as well as analysis of their achievements results. In the paper we use the set of scientific cognition methods: comparative analysis to clarify different views on the problem; systematization and generalization to formulate conclusions and methodological advices; generalization of the author's pedagogical experience and observations. Results. According to our survey of mathematics teachers, two thirds of them believe that the most optimal way to prepare for EIA is a combination of classroom classes and online format. 98% of respondents consider that using of ICT appropriate in preparation for external examination, and the leader among these technologies are online test platforms (NaUrok, osvita.ua, Vseosvita, Quizlet, Сlasstime). 97% of respondents find the use of electronic tools in preparation for the EIA in mathematics useful, and 28% are completely satisfied with both the quantity and quality of available electronic resources. At the same time, 72% of teachers believe that the number of e-learning tools should be increased and their quality should be improved, which indicates the need to develop and improve this area. Conclusions. There is no universal methodology of preparation for the external examination in mathematics, as it significantly depends on both the student audience and the individual characteristics of the teacher or tutor who carries it out. EIA is only a tool for adequate evaluation of the student's achievement level and cannot be the goal of schooling. Instead, the main purpose of schooling is the development of the child, the disclosure of his abilities, as well as the formation of those competencies that will allow him to find his place in life, to be realized as a person. Therefore, in preparation for the external examination in mathematics, the main goal for the teacher, we consider the repetition and systematization of the school course of mathematics, rather than formal training of students to solve specific classes of test tasks. The use of ICT is perceived by us as a natural complement to the educational process, and not just as a forced step due to training in quarantine conditions. We believe that the use of electronic tools in preparation for the EIA in mathematics is useful, but it is important to ensure the proper quality of the tests offered to teachers and students on a variety of online platforms.

Determination of the degree of dilatation of the uterine pharynx in parturient women by external examination

For this purpose, Seyffart (Zentr. F. Gyn, 1923, no. 38), according to Unterberger's proposal, recommends paying attention to the height of the Sellheim's boundary ring (the border between the hollow muscle and the outlet tube) above the pubis.

ADVISABILITY AND POSSIBILITY OF USING ICT DURING PREPARATION FOR THE EIA IN MATHEMATICS

Formulation of the problem. At present, any researches on the methodology of organizing and conducting external independent assessment of academic achievements in mathematics of Ukrainian graduates has become extremely relevant. In particular, this is due to the fact that from 2021 the EIA in mathematics is mandatory in the system of state final attestation. The aim of this work is to determine the advisability and possibility of using information and communication technologies in preparation for the EIA in mathematics. To achieve this goal, we organized a statistical survey of students, the results of which can then be used to create guidelines for professionals in preparation for independent assessment. Materials and methods. To achieve the goals of the article, we use empirical methods: our own survey using an electronic tool (Google form), monitoring the learning process of students, as well as analysis of their achievements results. In the paper we use the set of scientific cognition methods: comparative analysis to clarify different views on the problem; systematization and generalization to formulate conclusions and methodological advices; generalization of the author's pedagogical experience and observations. Results. According to the survey of Ukrainian graduates, most of them choose a combined approach in preparation for the EIA in mathematics, i.e. use both electronic learning tools and printed textbooks. Most students prefer to prepare for testing with a tutor or on the special offline courses. Independent preparation is mostly inherent for students of classes and schools of physical and mathematical profile. More than 80% of respondents have a positive attitude for using of e-learning tools in preparation for the EIA, and the most popular of them are online test platforms and video tutorials on YouTube. 64% of surveyed students are satisfied with their own level of preparation for the EIA in mathematics, and among the reasons for dissatisfaction are the lack of knowledge and skills acquired at school. However, most respondents believe that preparation for the EIA should be completely provided by the state on a free basis. At the same time, the main way to improve the system of preparation for external examination students consider the need for funding of teachers and test participants. Conclusions. Electronic aids in preparation for the external examination in mathematics are still unpopular. The reason for this may be the low level of technology dissemination in our country. That is why offline courses and tutors are the most typical choice of entrants in preparation for the EIA. The willingness of students to pay tutors shows the current inability of the state to provide students with the necessary level of knowledge in general and for the EIA in particular within the school curriculum. Thus, in Ukraine there is a situation when the "shadow" education system dominates in quality and popularity over the official one. The problem facing the state is how to regulate the shadow sector of educational services in such way that it does not hinders, but helps and contributes to ensuring the proper quality of education.

The potential lethality of caput medusae

While gastro-oesophageal varices commonly complicate portal hypertension and may be a life-threatening condition, fatal haemorrhaging from cirrhosis-related caput medusae has seldom been described in the scientific literature. This article documents a rare death due to the rupture of a varix in the umbilical area. This case raises a number of points for medico-legal discussion, such as the negative consequences of an erroneous cause of death in evaluating medical malpractice cases and the importance of a thorough external examination of the body in order to ensure this type of vascular lesion is not overlooked.

Psycho-administrative determinants for choice of physical education among senior secondary school students at external examination bodies

Empirical observations reveal low enrolment of senior secondary school students for physical education at external examination bodies. The poor rate of students' choice of the subject at this level is a matter of concern to professionals, given the fact of monumental benefits of physical education as a science subject to humanity. The study was conducted to examine how psycho-administrative factors influence the choice of physical education by senior secondary school students at external examination bodies (in Nigeria) to come up with modalities to increase enrolment of the subject at external examination bodies. Descriptive method was applied for the study due to large respondents involved. Self-developed validated questionnaire tagged psycho-administrative determinants for choice of physical education among senior secondary school students at external examination bodies (PADGPEAS) was applied for the research. Out of three thousand and twenty-four (3024) questionnaire forms administered, only two thousand and fifty (2950) copies completed and returned were coded for analysis, with the use of descriptive statistics of percentages and nonparametric statistics of Chi-square (x 2) at 0.05 level of significant. Results unraveled a remarkable influence of psycho-administrative variables on the choice at physical education among senior secondary school students at external examination bodies. Based on this outcome, it is suggested that utilization of variety of methods by physical education teachers will go a long way to kindle the interest of the students for the subject. Enlightenment of students and parents on the values of physical education will facilitate remarkable positive attitude of both parts that relocate their position in favor of the subject.