scholarly journals Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaka Jakob Hodnik ◽  
Žaklin Acinger-Rogić ◽  
Mentor Alishani ◽  
Tiina Autio ◽  
Ana Balseiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ◽  
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Bovine Leukosis

The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.

scholarly journals Overview of Slovenian Control Programmes for Cattle Diseases Not Regulated by the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaka Jakob Hodnik ◽  
Tanja Knific ◽  
Jože Starič ◽  
Ivan Toplak ◽  
Matjaž Ocepek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Veterinary Institute ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Bovine Leukosis ◽  
Veterinary Institute

The European Union (EU) regulates the control of cattle diseases listed in categories A and B of the Animal Health Law (AHL). However, the control of other cattle diseases that have no, or limited EU regulation, is left to each member state. Slovenia has five control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases: bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), bluetongue and anthrax. Two (IBR and BVD) are voluntary and the others (EBL, anthrax and bluetongue) are compulsory. The three compulsory CPs are funded by the government. All the CPs are run by the government and laboratory tests are performed by the National Veterinary Institute. The rules for the CPs are laid down in Slovenian legislation. In addition, there is a national directive for the control of salmonellosis. Both BVD and IBR are endemic and have CPs based on increased biosecurity, testing and culling or vaccination, financed by the animal owners. Slovenia has been officially free of EBL since 2005 and carries out surveillance based on serological testing of a representative number of herds and inspection of carcasses at slaughter or necropsy. Vaccination is the main disease control measure for anthrax (sporadic) and bluetongue (currently perceived free—vaccination since 2017). Lack of motivation of farmers to participate in voluntary disease CPs and to implement and follow strict biosecurity measures are the most pressing issues in improving the health status of Slovenian cattle. An overview of the existing CPs and the circumstances leading to their implementation are presented.

scholarly journals Overview of Mitigation Programs for Non–EU-Regulated Cattle Diseases in Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz-Ferdinand Roch ◽  
Beate Conrady
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Animal Diseases ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Bluetongue Disease ◽  
Bovine Leukosis ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Background: The non-regulation of animal diseases due to missing regulation at the European Union (EU) level enables member states to implement mitigation programs based on their own country-specific conditions such as priority settings of the governments, availability of financial resources, and epidemiological situation. This can result in a heterogeneous distribution of mitigation activities and prevalence levels within and/or between countries, which can cause difficulties for intracommunity trade. This article aims to describe the past, current, and future mitigation activities and associated prevalence levels for four non-regulated animal diseases, i.e., enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and bluetongue disease (BT) for Austria. Over a period of 40 years (1978–2020), regulations concerning EBL, IBR/IPV, BVD, and BT were retraced to analyze the changes of legislation, focusing on sampling, testing, and mitigation activities in Austria, and were linked to the collected diagnostic testing results. The study results clearly demonstrate the adoption of the legislation by the Austrian governments in dependency of the epidemiological situations. Furthermore, our study shows that, related to the forthcoming Animal Health Law on April 21, 2021, Austria has a good initial situation to achieve disease-free status and/or free from infection status based on the current available epidemiological situation and previously implemented mitigation activities. The study results presented here are intended to contribute to a better comparison of the eradication status across the European countries for non–EU-regulated cattle diseases by providing information about the mitigation activities and data of testing results over a period of 40 years.

scholarly journals Corrigendum: Overview of Slovenian Control Programmes for Selected Cattle Diseases, Listed Under Category C, D or E of the European Animal Health Law

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaka Jakob Hodnik ◽  
Tanja Knific ◽  
Jože Starič ◽  
Ivan Toplak ◽  
Matjaž Ocepek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes

COVID-19 “Green Pass”: a Lesson on the Proportionality Principle from Galicia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Luca Roncati ◽  
Monica Roncati
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Health Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Tension ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Proportionality Principle ◽  
New Millennium

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most dramatic pandemic of the new millennium, and extraordinary measures concerning with health, law and policy are required around the world. One of these is without doubts the “green pass”, officially known in the European Union (EU) as EU Digital COVID Certificate (EUDCC). Initially conceived as a tool for overcoming the lockdown restrictions, it has unexpectedly turned into a means of discrimination between pass holders and non-holders, thus increasing social tension at the expense of solidarity and brotherhood. Here, we analyze in depth the dark sides of the “green pass” in the light of the European and international legislation and of the ongoing pandemic scenario.

Excessive pricing in the pharmaceutical industry: adding another string to the bow of EU competition law

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Diletta Danieli
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Health Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Eu Competition Law ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The paper addresses the issue of excessive price abuse under Article 102(a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), by drawing inspiration from a recent stream of cases (developed first at the national and then at the EU level) involving pharmaceutical companies marketing off-patent drugs. In particular, the two ‘most advanced’ cases are analysed: Aspen in Italy and Pfizer/Flynn in the United Kingdom. This new-found attention towards exploitative practices in the form of excessive and unfair pricing by dominant undertakings that have traditionally been subject to a cautious antitrust scrutiny seems worth exploring for a number of reasons, as illustrated in the paper. Ultimately, it is argued that this further ‘interference’ of competition law into the realms of regulation may be actually justified, albeit subject to precise conditions for enforcement, and may pursue policy objectives in the wider context of EU health law.

Obesity in Europe: The Strategy of the European Union from a Public Health Law Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Faeh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Health Law ◽  
Food Legislation

Abstract In 2007 the European Commission published a White Paper on a “Strategy on nutrition, overweight and obesity”, proposing measures to impede the current trend towards a steady gain in weight by Union citizens. In this article, these ideas are discussed critically in the light of the competences of the Union and from a public health law perspective, in order to scrutinise the effectiveness of the measures and to identify shortcomings in the White Paper. One focus of this article will be European food legislation, as food is one of the leading causes of people being overweight or obese.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document