The social partners as actors in new labour law legislation in Sweden

This article focuses on the importance of the social partners in new labour law regulation where there is a weak parliamentary majority. The prevailing view in Sweden is that labour law regulation must be modernised as both companies and employees need improved opportunities in order to be able to adapt to changing conditions in the labour market. A Government inquiry and negotiations between the social partners in the private sector focused on these issues. The social partners reached two agreements: a Principle Agreement, including demands that the state provide new labour law regulation; and a Basic Agreement, which is a collective agreement about security, transition and employment protection. The Swedish Government decided to modernise the Swedish Employment Protection Act (LAS) 1 in line with the social partners’ suggestions. The government proposal covers three important labour law areas: (1) changes to the Swedish Employment Protection Act; (2) new state-financed public support for skills development; and (3) a new public transition organisation to provide basic transition support for employees not covered by a collective agreement. This article shows that the social partners have great power over new legislation and can create stability in labour law regulation in Sweden for the future. The government’s proposal implies that new regulation has moved from the provision of employment protection depending on length of service to better transition conditions for employees, and that the state is to take financial responsibility for the lifelong learning of professionals.

Rola prawa karnego w systemie totalnej teokracji państwa muzułmańskiego

The aim of the study is to answer the question whether the way the system of criminal responsibility is shaped in classical Sharia law influences the characteristics of Islam understood as a political system seen as a total theocracy. The article presents the basic assumptions of the criminal law in Islam, focusing on the categories of crimes distinguished by traditional Muslim jurisprudence. The perceived features of Koranic criminal law regulation are juxtaposed with the attributes of criminal law of non-democratic systems, which leads to the conclusion that in the sphere of criminal law, there are many elements the two systems have in common. The individual’s position and the degree of protecting their rights resulting from the criminal law of Islam seem to make it impossible for a system based on classical Islamic law to meet the requirements of a modern democratic state.

System approach in criminal law: achievements and prospects of application

The solution of fundamental problems of criminal-law regulation should be carried out taking into account doctrinal scientific developments and the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress. In this sense, using of a system approach is expanded, which has now received significant instrumental support in the format of information technology and software. A system approach is a methodological direction of scientific knowledge of system objects by means of system engineering, which is implemented in two main areas – in the field of methodology and theory, and in the field of specific applications. The aim of the paper is a comprehensive description of using of system approach in domestic criminal law. The task is to outline the prospects of applying a system approach in domestic criminal law, taking into account the latest technologies of systems engineering. Criminal law in its essence can be understood as a system of information (knowledge) that outlines the criminal offenses’ types and criminal law measures of state reaction to them. As a systemic object, this phenomenon is characterized by several circumstances. System components of criminal law. First of all, the authors are talking about the systemic nature of a crime, according to which the system of criminal law regulation is oriented. The systems are also criminal law provisions. Their structural elements-subsystems are hypothesis, disposition and sanction The system of criminal law has its own structure. The initial elements of its structure are criminal law. This also includes atypical regulations: criminal law constructions, legal presumptions and fictions. According to the degree of generalization, legal norms and atypical normative prescriptions are united into legal institutions. The systemic structure of the studied system object is manifested in the multiplicity of relations between them. System connections of criminal law. In the system of criminal law, informational connections are realized. Functioning of criminal law system in the system environment. Through the mechanisms of rule-making, information from protected social relations is introduced into it from the outside, and through the mechanisms of law enforcement, it affects its environment. According to the system approach, a model of the crime system and the system of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is proposed, developed on the basis of IDEF0 notation

The Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Process: Regulation and Risks

ICOs are very attractive for investors and issuers. ICOs allow funding raising in exchange for cryptographically secure tokens, which are a means of paying for future projects or services. However, there is insignificant regulation of this process all over the world. Some countries have banned crypto assets; others have allowed the free use of tokens but do not give them official status. In this paper, the authors present an overview of the legal regulation of ICOs in different countries, dividing them into three groups: in the first group are the countries with developed legal norms and rules for conducting ICO, they have the subsequent circulation of tokens on their territory; in the second group are the countries that are most friendly to ICOs; the third group of countries has a wait-and-see attitude. The author connect the insufficient law regulation and risks of ICOs in different countries. The types of ICO risks are divided into three main categories: financial, technical, and analytical. The main ways to reduce these risks, depending on their types, are highlighted in this study. They are connected with the improvement of the legal regulation of the publication of a White Paper, the KYC procedure, and the involvement of escrow agents.

Transformation of Civil Law Regulation of Bank Lending to Environmental Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation and the European Union

Introduction: the paper considers the study of the issues of the civil law regulation of bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship through the analysis of such concepts as “green banking”, “environmental entrepreneurship”, and “social goal of green financing”. Purpose: the author examines the concept and features of bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship, their essential features, highlighted by the civil doctrine and used by judicial practice. Using the methods of scientific cognition, primarily the method of systematic and comparative analysis, the author identifies the constitutive features of bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship by applying an essential-substantive approach to the study of the concept of environmental entrepreneurship and its development in Russia with the help of bank lending. Results: it is established that there is no single approach to understanding bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship in the modern scientific literature. To determine the main approaches to understanding bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship, the author’s approaches to the definition of this phenomenon are systematized. Conclusions: the author concludes that there are no methodologically sound approaches to the financing of environmental entrepreneurship in the banking sector. It seems that the solution to such a problem is possible by creating a universal framework for the methodological support of risk assessment to apply bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship.

The importance of using a retroreflective vest for the Е-bicycle speed perception

Logistic center’s location for goods distribution in Republic of Srpska can be asserted on many parameters from whom two has vital importance: geographical position and size of traffic flow. Special significance of these center’s are logistical diversity, especially where different branches of traffics are involved. Starting factors for developing such a center in Republic of Srpska are position on roads, rails and corridors. Main purpose of these centers are command gathering, sendig commands to transport vehicles, depo good if necessary, forming transport units and delivery. There are seven main criteria: social, law regulation, ecological, technical, economics and organization. To define these criteria survey is used, also every criteria is evaluated. Applying ARAS (A new Additive Ratio Assesment) mathematical method Doboj city is determined to be optimal location for logistical center development.