scholarly journals Strategies for Improved Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of Field-Grown Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under a Semi-Arid Climate

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Michelon ◽  
Giuseppina Pennisi ◽  
Nang Ohn Myint ◽  
Francesco Orsini ◽  
Giorgio Gianquinto
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Semi Arid

Water use efficiency is a main research target in agriculture, which consumes 70% of global freshwater. This study aimed at identifying sustainable water management strategies for the lettuce crop in a semi-arid climate. Three independent experiments were carried out on a commercial variety of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by applying different irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), estimated through both the Hargreaves–Samani and Penman–Monteith equations. In the first experiment, one treatment was also guided by soil moisture sensors. In the second and third experiments, a factorial combination was used, combining the different irrigation levels with two soil mulching treatments, namely soil without mulch, and soil mulched with dried rice straw residues. The application of different irrigation levels significantly affected plant growth, yield, and physiology. Both the adoption of sensors for guiding irrigation and the application of mulching with straw promoted higher yield. As the irrigation water level was reduced, the WUE (water use efficiency) increased. WUE was also increased by covering the soil with mulch. The experiments point out that accurate management of irrigation water using a drip irrigation system associated with soil mulching increases yield and improves the WUE of lettuce crops in the Central Dry Zone, Myanmar.

A survey of water use efficiency on irrigated dairy farms in northern Victoria

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Linehan ◽  
D. P. Armstrong ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Water Right ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated dairy systems has been defined, in this paper, as the amount of milk (kg milk fat plus protein) produced from pasture per megalitre of water (irrigation plus effective rainfall). A�farm survey was conducted for the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons in the Goulburn Irrigation System (GIS) and Murray Irrigation System (MIS) when the irrigation water allocated to irrigators in the GIS was low (100–120% of water right compared with the MIS which was 130 and 200% of water right). These data were analysed in conjunction with information collected on the same farms in the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons when the irrigation water allocated to irrigators in both systems was above 150% of water right (Armstrong et al. 1998, 2000). The aim of the survey was to determine if the management decisions made by dairy farmers in seasons of low irrigation water allocations had an impact on WUE.Milk production averaged across the 2 irrigation systems increased significantly over the 5-year period (57 540–75 040 kg milk fat + protein per farm). Over the same period the amount of irrigation water applied (GIS�7.6 ML/ha, MIS 9.2 ML/ha) and the milking area (GIS 72 ha, MIS 73 ha) remained constant. The amount of concentrates fed per cow (GIS 650–1100 kg DM, MIS 480–860 kg DM) and per farm (GIS 119–228 t DM, MIS�72–157 t DM) increased, but pasture consumption (GIS 8.9–9.5 t DM/ha, MIS 9.1–9.7 t DM/ha) did not increase significantly over the survey period. Therefore, the increase in milk production appeared to come primarily from an increase in supplementary feeding rather than an increase in pasture consumption, resulting in no significant change in WUE in either system (GIS 66 kg milk fat + protein/ML, MIS 61 kg milk fat + protein/ML).The survey results indicate that despite varying water allocations in the 2 major irrigation systems in northern Victoria, milk production on farms in both systems increased while changes in WUE could not be detected by the methods used. This suggests tactical options to increase WUE in response to short-term changes in water allocation were either difficult to implement or not a priority in a business sense.

scholarly journals The Policy of Irrigation Water Pricing in Pakistan: Aims, Assessment and Needed Redirections

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 809-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
Syed Abdul Majid ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Water Charges ◽  
Use Efficiency

Pakistan operates the world's largest well-articulated irrigation system. Individual farms receive water from the gravity flow of a massive network of canals, distributaries and watercourses fed by the Indus River and its tributaries. In recent years public tubewells have become an additional, though somewhat limited, source of irrigation water. The canal system, which has been in operation for more than 100 years, is believed to have become too obsolete to cater for the needs of modern agriculture and is, therefore, in desperate need for rehabilitation. But resource-poor Pakistan cannot undertake the rehabilitation work on its own, and must depend on foreign loans or at least ensure full recovery of annual operation and maintenance (0 and M) expenditures [Chaudhry (1985); Duane (1975) and Hotes (1984)]. Apart from generating investment funds, the cost recovery, with higher water charges, would also lead to greater water-use efficiency and an equitable income distribution at the farm level [Chaudhry (1985) and Hotes (1984»). Can this all be accomplished by simply raising water charges? In this paper, we have attempted to answer this question. To answer the question systematically, we have divided the paper in five sections. The current state of Pakistan's irrigation system, water charges and cost recovery is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 deals with possible impact of rising water charges on cost recovery, investments, efficiency of water use and income distribution under the current system of water pricing. Section 4 presents policy alternatives that would ensure an effective cost recoyery, greater water-use efficiency and a more equitable distribution of farm income. Section 5 presents the summary and conclusions of the paper.

scholarly journals Water-Yield Relationship Responses of Maize to Ridge-Furrow Planting Systems Coupled with Multiple Irrigation Levels in China’s Horqin Sandy Land

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoquan He ◽  
Tonghui Zhang ◽  
Xinping Liu ◽  
Xue Shang
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Film Mulching ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Water scarcity threatens the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions, and ridge-furrow planting systems (RFPS) can be a prospective rainwater harvesting approach. In this study, we aimed to develop a promising water-saving strategy to boost maize productivity and water use efficiency (WUE). In 2017, we carried out a field experiment to study the effects of various RFPS with multiple irrigation levels on the yield-water relationship of maize (Zea mays L.). Eleven treatments were set up: RFPS with film mulching on both ridges and furrows and without water supply after seed emergence, abbreviated as QF; RFPS with film mulching on continuous ridges, abbreviated as MD, including SMD, MMD, and LMD (S, M, and L—three water supply (irrigation plus precipitation) levels of 650 mm, 500 mm, and 350 mm during the whole growing season); RFPS without film mulching, abbreviated as DD, including SDD, MDD, and LDD; conventional flat planting with no film mulching, abbreviated as GG, including SGG, MGG, and LGG; localized full irrigation (actual amount of irrigation excessively exceeding the quantity needed), abbreviated as NM. A positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.95–1), a quadratic curve, and a negative linear relationship were observed between the irrigation water level and actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc), grain yield, and WUE, respectively. The ETc of QF (292 mm) was substantially lower than that of the other treatments (p < 0.01), saving 649 mm of irrigation water and increasing the yield by 2.24% compared with those of NM. Meanwhile, the WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of QF reached maximums of 6.3 and 47.36 kg m−3, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other treatments (p < 0.001). The results showed that planting in an RFPS with film mulching on both ridges and furrows (a ridge-to-furrow ratio of 50:30, with a 38 mm irrigation level) is suitable for maize to obtain high yield and reduce irrigation water use significantly.

Limited Irrigation System of Spring Maize in a Semi-Arid Area of Northeast China

2013 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 613-617
Author(s):  
Guang Hua Yin ◽  
Wen Hui Li ◽  
Jian Gu ◽  
Liang Hao ◽  
Zuo Xin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Filling Stage ◽  
Spring Maize ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Jointing Stage ◽  
Production Effects ◽  
Semi Arid

To improve the spring maizes water use efficiency (WUE) in a semi-arid of northeast, the research of limited supplementary irrigation system was carried out. It turned out that the increased production effects in the same amount of irrigation during single irrigation stage, filling stage was best, tasseling stage was better, jointing stage was good in the precipitation conditions of experiment period. The yield effects were different in the same amount of irrigation during two stages of equivalent for irrigation. It was best in tasseling stage and filling stage. It was better in the jointing stage and filling stage. And it was good in the jointing stage and tasseling stage. The yield effects during three stages of equivalent for irrigation was next to the irrigation of tasseling stage and filling stage, It was better than the irrigation of jointing stage and filling stage. Irrigation quota was 675 m3hm-2, irrigation was in filling stage, the amount was 675 m3hm-2.Keyword: spring maize; limited supplementary irrigation; production; water consumption; water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Water Supply and Corm Planting Density on Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal, Nitrogen Uptake and Water Use Efficiency of Saffron Grown in Semi-Arid Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza KOOCHEKI ◽  
Seyyed Mohammad SEYYEDI
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Semi Arid

Saffron’s color, taste and odor result from the chemicals crocin, picrocrocin and safranal, respectively. Hence, in addition to quantitative yield, secondary metabolites content are known as crucial factors for a successful saffron production. Moreover, enhancing resources efficiency, especially water and nitrogen, is becoming increasingly important for agricultural improvement in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, the effects of irrigation levels and corm planting on crocin, picrocrocin and safranal content, water use efficiency (WUE) as well as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of saffron were investigated as a two-year field experiment based on a randomized complete block design arranged in split-plot with three replicates. The irrigation levels (100, 75 and 50% of saffron water requirement) and corm planting pattern (50, 100, 200 and 300 corms m-2) were allocated to main and sub-plots, respectively. Based on the results, crocin and picrocrocin content increased with decreasing irrigation levels. The highest WUES (WUE based on dry stigma yield) was obtained when 50% of saffron water requirement was supplied. However, the lowest WUEC (WUE based on daughter corms yield) and NUEC (NUE based on daughter corms yield) were obtained when 50% of saffron water requirement was applied. Irrespective of irrigation levels, WUES, WUEC and NUEC increased with increasing the planting density. The results demonstrated that although relatively severe water stress increases WUES and secondary metabolites in saffron stigmas, it could decrease WUEC and NUEC through affecting daughter corm growth.

scholarly journals Water Retention Techniques under Crop’s Root Zone a Tool to Enhance Water Use Efficiency and Economic Water Productivity for Zucchini

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Ali Hassan Hommadi ◽  
Sabah Anwer Almasraf
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Membrane Sheet

 A new technique in cultivation by installing membrane sheet below the crop’s root zone was helped to save irrigation water in the root zone, less farm losses, increasing the field water use efficiency and water productivity. In this paper, the membrane sheet was installed below the root zone of zucchini during the summer growing season 2017 in open field.  This research was carried out in a private field in Babil governorate at Sadat Al Hindiya Township reached 72 km from Baghdad. Surface trickle irrigation system was used for irrigation process. Two treatment plots were used, treatment plot T1 using membrane sheet and treatment plot T2 without using the membrane sheet. The applied irrigation water, time of irrigation, soil moisture contents before irrigation were calculated and recorded daily for the two treatments plots. Values of crop yield, Field water use Efficiency and economic water productivity were discussed and compared between the plots. The obtained results indicate that field water use efficiency for the two plots, T1 and T2 were: 6.04 and 4.64 kg/m3, respectively.  The increasing value in field water use efficiency (FWUE) of plot T1 comparing with plot T2 was 30.2 %. Additionally, the value of economic water productivity of zucchini crop for plots T1 and T2 was: 20514.1 and 15031.7 ID/m3, respectively. The increasing value of the Economic water productivity (EWP) of plot T1 comparing with plot T2 was 36.5 %. The value of water saving in plot T1 was 16.7%. The reduction in frequency of irrigation at T1 was 12 %.            zucchini, water use efficiency, membrane sheet, and economic water productivity.

scholarly journals MANEJO DE IRRIGAÇÃO PARA A ALFACE AMERICANA CULTIVADA EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Taynara Tuany Borges Valeriano ◽  
Márcio José Santana ◽  
Marcos Vinícius de Jesus ◽  
Letícia De Souza Leite
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Levels

A produção de alface em ambiente protegido, aliada ao uso de práticas como a irrigação, contribui para o aumento da produtividade e melhoria na qualidade desta hortaliça. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos do Tanque Classe A, Tanque Alternativo, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves e Drenos Coletores, utilizados para estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), bem como seus efeitos sobre a produtividade da alface americana, em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com oito repetições e cinco métodos climáticos de estimativa da ETo e ETc, Hargreaves, Blaney-Criddle, Tanque Classe A, Tanque Alternativo (Minitanque) e Drenos coletores de água de percolação. As variáveis analisadas foram, massa total da planta, massa comercial, massa seca da cabeça, número de folhas internas e eficiência do uso da água. Os métodos climáticos representados pelas equações de Hargreaves e Blaney-Criddle apresentaram desempenho superior aos tanques evaporímetros, com produção comercial de 191,10 g planta-1 para o método de Hargreaves e de 173 g planta-1 para Blaney – Criddle. A maior eficiência do uso da água foi obtida utilizando também os métodos de Hargreaves e Blaney – Criddle, sendo estas 0,64 e 0,67 g mm-1, respectivamente.Palavra-chave: eficiência do uso da água, evapotranspiração, Lactuca sativa L., estresse hídrico. IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT METHODS CRISPHEAD LETTUCE GROWN IN A GREENHOUSE ABSTRACT:Lettuce is the main herbaceous vegetable in production and consumption of the Brazil. It is a culture dependent primarily of water, and its production in a protected environment, coupled with the use of irrigation practices, can contribute to increased yield and improved quality of vegetable. In this context and in the national water scenario the use of irrigation management techniques is essential. The current experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of irrigation established by different methods in the yield of lettuce grown in protected environment. The cultivar used was Taina, the crisphead type. The experimental design was a randomized block with 8 repetitions, 5 management methods of irrigation. Irrigation levels were established by equations Hargreaves, Blaney-Criddle, Tanque Classe A, Tanque Alternativo and Drenos Coletores. The variables evaluated were: total weight of the plant, yield (commercial weight or head), dry mass of head, number of inner leaves, head circumference, diameter and efficiency of water use. It was observed that climate methods represented by the equation Hargreaves and Blaney-Criddle outperformed the evaporimeters tanks when installed within protected environments. The greater efficiency of water use was obtained using the method Hargreaves and Blaney - Criddle, which is 0.64 and 0.67 g mm-1, respectively.Keywords: water use efficiency, evapotranspiration, Lactuca sativa L., rational management. DOI:

scholarly journals Using limited irrigation water - crops or pasture?

2006 ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Ward ◽  
J.L. Jacobs ◽  
F.R. Mckenzie
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

The irrigation of perennial pasture and the growing of dryland summer forage crops are two common methods of increasing the supply of and nutritional value of home grown forage on dairy farms in south west Victoria. In recent years the amount and reliability of supply of irrigation water to dairy farmers in the region has decreased through drought and increased regulation. Over the last 8 years a series of studies have been conducted to investigate the most efficient use of unreliable irrigation water supplies. Perennial pasture was found to be particularly sensitive in terms of reduced productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) to poor irrigation practices. However, under good management and reliable water supply it is still likely to be the easiest and most economically efficient irrigation system. Irrigated summer forage crops were found to have a higher WUE, but responses were variable due to year to year seasonal differences. These crops were found to be more tolerant of poor irrigation management and were able to take advantage of reduced amounts of irrigation water and one off irrigations. Keywords: brassicas, forage crops, irrigated pasture, irrigation, water use efficiency.

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