scholarly journals Orchard Planting Density and Tree Development Stage Affects Physiological Processes of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Tree

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1912
Author(s):  
Kristina Laužikė ◽  
Nobertas Uselis ◽  
Darius Kviklys ◽  
Giedrė Samuolienė

One of the most important factors affecting photosynthesis and metabolism is light absorbance by leaves and penetration through the canopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of planting density and tree development stages on photosynthetic activity, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrates in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in a combined way. The apple tree, Auksis, was grafted on dwarfing rootstock P 22. Space between rows was 3 m, trees were planted in 2001 in four distances: 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 m, and 1.00 m. Measurements and leaf samples were taken in the end of May (leaves fully expanded BBCH 20–25), in the middle of July (beginning of apple maturity BBCH 73–75) and at the end of August (harvest time BBCH 87–88) according BBCH—growth stages. Photosynthetic rate was significantly the lowest in the spring and tended to rise until fruit ripening, when it increased up to 19.4% compared to spring. Significantly the highest chlorophyll b and carotene α and β contents were found at the BBCH 73–75. The lowest levels of fructose and sorbitol in leaves were found at BBCH 73–75. The amount of starch accumulated in the leaves increased three times in summer compared to spring. Reduced distance between trees to four times (from 1 m to 0.25 m) showed clear competitive stress, as the decrease of photosynthetic rate (up to 36.4–38.6%) and total starch (up to 37–53%) was observed. The photosynthetic behaviour of apple trees was significantly affected by the development stage during the particular season which is related with physiological changes of metabolites transport and their distribution during fruit ripening and leaf senescence.

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Cheng ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Mei Xu ◽  
Junji Lu ◽  
...  

The shading of maize and self-shading are the key factors affecting the stem lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of soybean at middle and later growth stages in the strip intercropping system. A study was designed to explore the regulation mechanism of lignin metabolism and different planting densities; PD1, PD2, and PD3 were used having a total number of 17 plants m−2, 20 plants m−2, and 25 plants m−2, respectively, on the lodging resistance of strip intercropped soybean stem. Our results depicted that the lower planting density (PD1) appropriately promoted the leaf photosynthesis activities (Pn), increase the activity of lignin-related enzymes and the accumulation of carbohydrates in stems, and eventually enhanced the lodging resistance of the strip intercropped soybean stem. Correlation analysis also showed that the lodging resistance index of soybean stem was significantly correlated with the available light for soybean canopy and Pn strip intercropped soybean stem characteristics and activities of enzymes related to lignin synthesis among the different planting densities. The findings of our research will be useful in future studies to understand the relationship between different light environment, planting densities, and lodging resistance of intercropped soybean and also guide the optimum planting density in maize–soybean intercropping system.


2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1291-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Eun Han ◽  
Young Sam Seo ◽  
Seong Heo ◽  
Daeil Kim ◽  
Soon-Kee Sung ◽  
...  

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songling Bai ◽  
Aide Wang ◽  
Megumi Igarashi ◽  
Tomoyuki Kon ◽  
Tomoko Fukasawa-Akada ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 829-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pâmela Perini ◽  
Giancarlo Pasquali ◽  
Márcia Margis-Pinheiro ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliviera ◽  
Luís Fernando Revers

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pâmela Perini ◽  
Giancarlo Pasquali ◽  
Márcia Margis-Pinheiro ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliveira ◽  
Luís Fernando Revers

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