scholarly journals Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Cheng ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Mei Xu ◽  
Junji Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Index ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
System A ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

The shading of maize and self-shading are the key factors affecting the stem lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of soybean at middle and later growth stages in the strip intercropping system. A study was designed to explore the regulation mechanism of lignin metabolism and different planting densities; PD1, PD2, and PD3 were used having a total number of 17 plants m−2, 20 plants m−2, and 25 plants m−2, respectively, on the lodging resistance of strip intercropped soybean stem. Our results depicted that the lower planting density (PD1) appropriately promoted the leaf photosynthesis activities (Pn), increase the activity of lignin-related enzymes and the accumulation of carbohydrates in stems, and eventually enhanced the lodging resistance of the strip intercropped soybean stem. Correlation analysis also showed that the lodging resistance index of soybean stem was significantly correlated with the available light for soybean canopy and Pn strip intercropped soybean stem characteristics and activities of enzymes related to lignin synthesis among the different planting densities. The findings of our research will be useful in future studies to understand the relationship between different light environment, planting densities, and lodging resistance of intercropped soybean and also guide the optimum planting density in maize–soybean intercropping system.

scholarly journals Lignin metabolism regulates lodging resistance of maize hybrids under varying planting density

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2077-2089
Author(s):  
Bin LI ◽  
Fei GAO ◽  
Bai-zhao REN ◽  
Shu-ting DONG ◽  
Peng LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Planting Density ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

Mechanical properties of soybean plants under various plant densities

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Xu ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Zhaofang Hou ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Xuan Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Stem Strength ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Soybean Plants

Lodging can reduce grain yield and quality, especially in crops planted at high densities. Force analysis, which relates stem mechanical properties and morphological characteristics under high densities, was used to study lodging in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). We applied mechanical lodging and examined the relationships between stem bending moment of the breaking force and morphological characteristics in two soybean varieties of contrasting heights grown at four crop population densities (200000, 300000, 400000 and 500000 plants ha–1). The experiment was performed in a split-plot design during 2015–16. Measurements were made during the R1–R8 growth stages. Results showed that the full seed stage was the most sensitive period for lodging. Stem strength of the soybean plants increased with growth and development; however, during the R5–R6 stages, the weakened degree of stem strength was greater than the gravity moment. This was the primary reason for the soybeans tending to lodge during this period. In addition, increasing the planting density weakened the mechanical properties significantly. During breeding efforts to improve the soybean lodging resistance, more attention should be paid to strengthening soybean stems. This study also showed that the ratio of stem diameter to plant height could be a new quantitative index for evaluating the lodging resistance of soybeans.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis of early fruit development in Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) and functional identification of PbCCR1 in lignin biosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueqiang Su ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Guohui Li ◽  
Xi Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chinese White ◽  
Key Enzyme

Abstract Background The content of stone cells and lignin is one of the key factors affecting the quality of pear fruit. In a previous study, we determined the developmental regularity of stone cells and lignin in ‘Dangshan Su’ pear fruit 15-145 days after pollination (DAP). However, the development of fruit stone cells and lignin before 15 DAP has not been heavily researched. Results In this study, we found that primordial stone cells began to appear at 7 DAP and that the fruit had formed a large number of stone cells at 15 DAP. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing was performed on fruits at 0, 7, and 15 DAP and identified 3834 (0 vs. 7 DAP), 4049 (7 vs. 15 DAP) and 5763 (0 vs. 15 DAP) DEGs. During the 7-15 DAP period, a large number of key enzyme genes essential for lignin biosynthesis are gradually up-regulated, and their expression pattern is consistent with the accumulation of lignin in this period. Further analysis found that the biosynthesis of S-type lignin in ‘Dangshan Su’ pear does not depend on the catalytic activity of PbSAD but is primarily generated by the catalytic activity of caffeoyl-CoA through CCoAOMT, CCR, F5H, and CAD. We cloned PbCCR1, 2 and analysed their functions in Chinese white pear lignin biosynthesis. PbCCR1 and 2 have a degree of functional redundancy; both demonstrate the ability to participate in lignin biosynthesis. However, PbCCR1 may be the major gene for lignin biosynthesis, while PbCCR2 has little effect on lignin biosynthesis. Conclusions Our results revealed that ‘Dangshan Su’ pear began to form a large number of stone cells and produce lignin after 7 DAP and mainly accumulated materials from 0 to 7 DAP. PbCCR1 is mainly involved in the biosynthesis of lignin in ‘Dangshan Su’ pear and plays a positive role in lignin biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Orchard Planting Density and Tree Development Stage Affects Physiological Processes of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Tree

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1912
Author(s):  
Kristina Laužikė ◽  
Nobertas Uselis ◽  
Darius Kviklys ◽  
Giedrė Samuolienė
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Tree Development

One of the most important factors affecting photosynthesis and metabolism is light absorbance by leaves and penetration through the canopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of planting density and tree development stages on photosynthetic activity, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrates in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in a combined way. The apple tree, Auksis, was grafted on dwarfing rootstock P 22. Space between rows was 3 m, trees were planted in 2001 in four distances: 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 m, and 1.00 m. Measurements and leaf samples were taken in the end of May (leaves fully expanded BBCH 20–25), in the middle of July (beginning of apple maturity BBCH 73–75) and at the end of August (harvest time BBCH 87–88) according BBCH—growth stages. Photosynthetic rate was significantly the lowest in the spring and tended to rise until fruit ripening, when it increased up to 19.4% compared to spring. Significantly the highest chlorophyll b and carotene α and β contents were found at the BBCH 73–75. The lowest levels of fructose and sorbitol in leaves were found at BBCH 73–75. The amount of starch accumulated in the leaves increased three times in summer compared to spring. Reduced distance between trees to four times (from 1 m to 0.25 m) showed clear competitive stress, as the decrease of photosynthetic rate (up to 36.4–38.6%) and total starch (up to 37–53%) was observed. The photosynthetic behaviour of apple trees was significantly affected by the development stage during the particular season which is related with physiological changes of metabolites transport and their distribution during fruit ripening and leaf senescence.

Investigations on Scuba Diving Regulators

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Chang Wang ◽  
Yu-Pin Tsai
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Scuba Diving ◽  
The Self ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Pressure Regulator ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
System A ◽  
Breathing Apparatus

The paper utilizes numerical method with performance experiment to investigate the key factors affecting the performance of the Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) system. A SCUBA system consists of a high pressure compressed air tank and a pressure regulator. The development of scuba diving is based on the invention of the regulator. The high pressure air carried by diver must be reduced to the pressure in the ambient environment by the regulator before the diver can breathe it. The life of the diver thus depends on the performance and stability of the regulator. Results show that the index performance of regulator can be predicted and used to improve the performance of the regulator. The numerical method can thus effectively reduce the develop time for new regulators and related products, as described in this article.

scholarly journals Slight Shading Stress at Seedling Stage Does not Reduce Lignin Biosynthesis or Affect Lodging Resistance of Soybean Stems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingxiao Wen ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Sajad Hussain ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Xiaowen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Limiting

Shade is widespread in agricultural production and affects lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of crops. We explored the effects of shade intensity on lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance at the physiological and molecular levels in two soybean cultivars (Nandou12 and E93) with different shade tolerance under four progressively severe shade treatments, S0–S3 (S0: no shade, S1: slight shade, S2: moderate shade, S3: heavy shade). Our results showed no significant difference in breaking strength of the two cultivars under S1 and S0 treatments, with no prominent decrease in the lodging resistance index. The activity of lignin biosynthesis rate-limiting enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which were considerably related to the two lodging resistance indexes above, was not significantly decreased by slight shade, while 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) activity was increased. Most genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were not significantly down-regulated by slight shade (S1) compared to S0, while p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) and laccase (LAC) genes were upregulated. Under heavy shade (S3), enzyme activity and gene expression associated with lignin synthesis in both soybean cultivars were strongly inhibited; moreover, stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance were remarkably decreased compared with those under S0. These physiological and molecular changes suggested that applicable shade levels do not significantly affect the mechanical strength and lodging resistance of soybean stem. Exploiting the lodging resistance potential of existing soybean cultivars was an effective and efficient way to address yield reduction caused by lodging in intercropped soybeans.

scholarly journals Transcriptome dynamic landscape underlying the improvement of maize lodging resistance under coronatine treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaobin Ren ◽  
Xing Wang ◽  
Qun Tao ◽  
Qing Guo ◽  
Yuyi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Study Gene Expression

Abstract Background Lodging is one of the important factors causing maize yield. Plant height is an important factor in determining plant architecture in maize (Zea mays L.), which is closely related to lodging resistance under high planting density. Coronatine (COR), which is a phytotoxin and produced by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, is a functional and structural analogue of jasmonic acid (JA). Results In this study, we found COR, as a new plant growth regulator, could effectively reduce plant height and ear height of both hybrids (ZD958 and XY335) and inbred (B73) maize by inhibiting internode growth during elongation, thus improve maize lodging resistance. To study gene expression changes in internode after COR treatment, we collected spatio-temporal transcriptome of inbred B73 internode under normal condition and COR treatment, including the three different regions of internode (fixed, meristem and elongation regions) at three different developmental stages. The gene expression levels of the three regions at normal condition were described and then compared with that upon COR treatment. In total, 8605 COR-responsive genes (COR-RGs) were found, consist of 802 genes specifically expressed in internode. For these COR-RGs, 614, 870, 2123 of which showed expression changes in only fixed, meristem and elongation region, respectively. Both the number and function were significantly changed for COR-RGs identified in different regions, indicating genes with different functions were regulated at the three regions. Besides, we found more than 80% genes of gibberellin and jasmonic acid were changed under COR treatment. Conclusions These data provide a gene expression profiling in different regions of internode development and molecular mechanism of COR affecting internode elongation. A putative schematic of the internode response to COR treatment is proposed which shows the basic process of COR affecting internode elongation. This research provides a useful resource for studying maize internode development and improves our understanding of the COR regulation mechanism based on plant height.

Speech Therapy Services in a Large School System: A Six-Year Overview

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance P. DesRoches
Keyword(s):  
School System ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Case Load ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
School Population ◽  
System A ◽  
Therapy Services ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Selection Factors

A statistical review provides analysis of four years of speech therapy services of a suburban school system which can be used for comparison with other school system programs. Included are data on the percentages of the school population enrolled in therapy, the categories of disabilities and the number of children in each category, the sex and grade-level distribution of those in therapy, and shifts in case-load selection. Factors affecting changes in case-load profiles are identified and discussed.

EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Elena Evgenevna Mashyanova ◽  
Elena Aleksandrovna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Global Financial System

In modern conditions of development, financial security is an integral part of the overall security of the region and is formed on the basis of the functioning of the financial system. The complication of relationships between key segments of international financial markets, as well as the limited ability to accurately predict future trends in the development of the global financial system, lead to a gradual increase in the risks that accompany the activities of economic entities, and an increase in the number and scale of internal and external threats that have a negative impact on the financial security of the state. This formulation of the issue requires generalization of approaches to determining the financial security of the region in order to further formalize this issue and determine the key factors affecting it. The article considers the types of financial security, as well as certain areas of ensuring the financial security of the region and their priority. In work the assessment of the level of socio-economic development of the region with a view to ensuring financial security on the basis of which offers the main activities and priority areas of implementation of the investment policy that will ensure financial security of the Republic of Crimea.

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