scholarly journals Pollen Paternity Can Affect Kernel Size and Nutritional Composition of Self-Incompatible and New Self-Compatible Almond Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Wiebke Kämper ◽  
Grant Thorp ◽  
Michelle Wirthensohn ◽  
Peter Brooks ◽  
Stephen J. Trueman
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Crop Quality ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility

Breeding programs for horticultural tree crops focus on enhancing productivity, including developing tolerance to pests and diseases and improving crop quality. Pollination services are often critical for crop production, and pollen parents can affect crop quality. We often do not know which pollen parents produce highest quality offspring or, in self-compatible cultivars, how much of the crop comes from cross- versus self-pollination. We quantified the proportions of self- and cross-paternity in an open pollination setting of five standard commercial almond cultivars and of six new almond cultivars selected for yield, kernel size, taste or self-compatibility. We assessed how pollination by different parents affected kernel size and nutritional quality. Kernels from most commercial cultivars and from the new cultivars selected for taste and size resulted almost entirely from cross-pollination. Most kernels from the commercial cultivar ‘Price’ resulted from cross-pollination but 21% resulted from self-pollination. In contrast, 48–91% of kernels from the new self-compatible cultivars resulted from self-pollination. Different cross-pollen parents did not greatly affect kernel size or quality. The proportions of self-paternity in the new self-compatible cultivars varied strongly in an open pollination setting suggesting that some cultivars may be good candidates for establishing monovarietal orchards.

scholarly journals Olive Fertility as Affected by Cross-Pollination and Boron

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Spinardi ◽  
D. Bassi
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Source Sink

Self-compatibility of local olive (Olea europaeaL.) accessions and of the cultivars “Frantoio” and “Leccino” was investigated in Garda Lake area, northern Italy. Intercompatibility was determined for “Casaliva,” “Frantoio,” and “Leccino,” as well as the effects of foliar Boron applications (0, 262, 525, or 1050 mg·L−1) applied about one week before anthesis on fruit set, shotberry set, and onin vitropollen germination. Following self-pollination, fruit set was significantly lower and the occurrence of shot berries significantly higher than those obtained by open pollination. No significant effect of controlled cross-pollination over self-pollination on fruit set and shotberry set was detectable. B treatments increased significantly fruit set in “Frantoio” and “Casaliva” but not in “Leccino.” B sprays had no effect on shotberry set, suggesting that these parthenocarpic fruits did not strongly compete for resources allocation and did not take advantage of increased B tissue levels. Foliar B application enhancedin vitropollen germination, and the optimal level was higher for pollen germination than for fruit set. Our results highlight the importance of olive cross pollination for obtaining satisfactory fruit set and the beneficial effect of B treatments immediately prior to anthesis, possibly by affecting positively the fertilisation process and subsequent plant source-sink relations linked to fruitlet retention.

scholarly journals Preliminary evaluation of pollen quality, fertility relations and fruit set of selected sour cherry cultivars in polish conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Szpadzik ◽  
Ewa Jadczuk-Tobjasz ◽  
Barbara Łotocka
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Pollen Quality ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination

Preliminary experiments were carried out in spring 2006. The percentage of fruit set of 'Schattenmorelle IR-2', 'Koral', 'Debreceni Bötermö', 'újfefértói Fürtos' and 'Karneol' was higher after open pollination compared with self-pollination. The cultivar Vowi had an inconsiderably higher percentage of fruit set after self-pollination compared with open pollination. The percentage of fruit set in 'Debreceni Bötermö' and 'újfehértói Fürtos' was about 25 % higher after pollination by 'Schattenmorelle IR-2' and 'Koral' compared with the percentage of fruit set after cross - pollination of both cultivars with each other. In general, they did not appear to be good pollinators with each other. The highest quality of pollen was observed for the following cultivars: 'Schattenmorelle IR-2', 'Koral' and Vowi and the lowest result was obtained in 'újfehértói Fürtos'. The highest yield was given by the following cultivars: Vowi, Schattenmorelle IR-2 and Koral.

Breeding System and Pollination Levels of Banksia ericifolia

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Goldingay ◽  
SM Schibeci ◽  
BA Walker
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
The Self ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Banksia Ericifolia

Experiments were carefully designed to determine the breeding system of Banksia ericifolia L.f. An equivalent percentage of flowers (78%) contained pollen tubes following self-pollination and open-pollination while a significantly smaller percentage of flowers in an autogamy treatment (44%) and cross-pollination treatment (55%) contained pollen tubes. Significantly more of the inflorescences in the open-pollination (60%) and cross-pollination (33%) treatments produced fruit compared with those in the self-pollination (11%) and autogamy treatments (13%). We suggest that B. ericifolia is largely self-incompatible because fruit production did not reflect pollen tube abundances. The influence of pollination levels on fruit production was determined by reducing the number of flowers on an inflorescence to 100 (i.e. 10% of original) or fewer and hand-pollinating these with cross pollen. There was no difference in fruit production between inflorescences with reduced flower number and open-pollinated inflorescences which had their full complement of flowers. Thus, the ability of an inflorescence to produce fruit appears more likely to be determined by the type of pollen received (cross versus self) rather than by the number of pollinated flowers it contains.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Teknik Penyerbukan Terhadap Pembentukan Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrizhus) [The Effect of Pollination Technique to Fruit Development of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrizhus)]

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Indriyani ◽  
NFN Hardiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Other ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Flower Pollination ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Pollination Control ◽  
Fruit Plants

<p>Bunga tanaman buah naga berukuran besar dan merupakan bunga hermaprodit yang mekar pada malam hari. Penyerbukan silang pada buah naga dapat terjadi dengan bantuan angin, serangga polinator maupun manusia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh teknik penyerbukan bunga betina terhadap pembuahan buah naga (Hylocereus polyrizhus). Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Aripan, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tropika pada bulan Agustus sampai September 2014. Perlakuan terdiri atas: (A) penyerbukan secara alami (kontrol), (B) penyerbukan sendiri melalui isolasi bunga dengan kantong kertas minyak, (C) penyerbukan dengan mengisolasi bunga menggunakan kantong kertas minyak saat mekar pada malam hari dibantu dengan memberikan serbuk sari dari bunganya sendiri dan diisolasi kembali, dan (D) penyerbukan bunga yang didahului dengan kastrasi dan isolasi menggunakan kantong kertas minyak serta polinasi pada malam hari dan selanjutnya bunga diisolasi kembali. Setiap perlakuan terdiri atas 37 bunga tanaman buah naga. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji t berpasangan pada taraf 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik penyerbukan yang berbeda pada tanaman buah naga menghasilkan kelas buah yang berbeda. Persentase buah dengan kelas super tertinggi diperoleh pada penyerbukan secara alami (kontrol), meskipun persentase jadi buah paling kecil. Implikasi dari hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa penyerbukan pada buah naga sebaiknya dilakukan secara alami tanpa menggunakan bantuan manusia.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Buah naga; Penyerbukan; Pembuahan; <em>Self compatible</em></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The flower size of dragon fruit plants is large and a hermaphroditic nocturnal flowers. Cross pollination of the dragon fruit plants occurs because of the wind, pollinator, and humans. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of pollination technique on  fertilization of dragon fruit flowers (Hylocereus polyrizhus). This research was conducted at Aripan Experimental Field, Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI) from August to September 2014. The treatments consisted of: (A) natural open pollination (control), (B) the flowers were isolated with paper bags and allowed to self pollination, (C) the flowers were isolated with paper bag and hand self pollinated when flowers were blooming in the evening. Furthermore all pollinated flowers were isolated with paper bag again (hand self pollination), and (D) the flowers were castrated and emasculated then they were isolated with paper bag. Cross pollination was done with pollen from the other plants. The all pollinated flowers were isolated with paper bag again (hand cross pollination). Each treatment consisted of 37 flowers of dragon fruit plants. Data were analyzed by using paired  t test 0.05. The results showed that different of pollination techniques on dragon fruit plants were produced of different fruit grade. Percentage of superior grade on natural open pollination  higher than the other treatment, even though the open pollination had smallest of percentage of  fruit set. The implication of this research is that the dragon fruit flower pollination may be done naturally without human assistance.</p>

scholarly journals Breeding system and inbreeding depression in the rare orchid, Platanthera praeclara, in a fragmented grassland landscape

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Travers ◽  
Kirk Anderson ◽  
Pati Vitt ◽  
Marion O. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Capsule Production ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Platanthera Praeclara ◽  
Self Compatibility

An important consequence of self-compatibility in plants is that self-pollination can have deleterious effects on plant fitness because of inbreeding. We conducted a hand pollination experiment under field conditions to measure the magnitude of inbreeding depression associated with self-pollination in the rare western prairie fringed-orchid Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles. By comparing capsules and seeds resulting from cross versus self-pollination treatments, we determined that self-pollination reduces seed quality while having no detectable effect on capsule production or seed numbers. A smaller percentage of seeds resulting from self-pollination contained an embryo (18%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (46%). Seeds that had an embryo were scored for the size of the embryo, small or large. A smaller proportion of seeds from self-pollination contained a large embryo (75%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (92%). These results suggest that sexual reproduction and recruitment in this rare plant are dependent on the frequency of pollinator visitations that result in outcrossing.

scholarly journals Mating system and female reproductive success of the endemic and endangered epiphyte Rhynchostele cervantesii (Orchidaceae) in a cloud forest in Michoacan, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Rosa E. Magaña Lemus ◽  
Irene Ávila-Díaz ◽  
Yvonne Herrerías Diego
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Female Reproductive Success ◽  
Epiphytic Orchid ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Natural Pollination

Background and aims – The Orchidaceae family is vulnerable, because of the destruction of their habitat, as well as the extraction of individuals from natural populations. This is the case of the genus Rhynchostele Rchb.f.; among the actions considered important for appropriate conservation strategies for this genus is the generation of fundamental knowledge, such as on its reproductive biology. The objective of this work is to understand the mating system and reproductive success of Rhynchostele cervantesii, an endangered epiphytic orchid endemic to Mexico.Material and methods – Manual and open-pollination treatments were conducted during 2014 and 2015 in a cloud forest in Michoacan, Mexico. In each period, 30 to 40 randomly selected inflorescences were subjected to the following treatments: a) spontaneous-self-pollination, b) emasculation, c) self-pollination, d) cross-pollination, and e) open-pollination. The developed fruits were counted and harvested, the viability of the seeds was determined, through the observation and evaluation of embryos using microscopy.Key results – Significant differences were recorded between the treatments in both 2014 and 2015, with higher fruit production in cross-pollination than in self-pollination and natural-pollination. There were significant differences in seed viability, with higher values for seeds from open-pollination and cross-pollination and lower values for seeds from self-pollination.Conclusions – Rhynchostele cervantesii is a species that requires pollinators for sexual reproduction because there is no fruit production with spontaneous-self-pollination. Under pollen limitation, the fruit set of natural pollination was a lot lower than in cross-pollination although fruits were the same quality. R. cervantesii had a mixed mating system with a tendency to exogamy, presenting high values of female reproductive success compared to other tropical epiphytic orchid species reported in the literature.

Preferential outcrossing in Banksia ilicifolia (Proteaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Heliyanto ◽  
Erik J. Veneklaas ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
Siegfried L. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Non Local

The breeding system of Banksia ilicifolia was assessed by performing controlled hand-pollination manipulations on flowers in a natural population in Perth, Western Australia. The percentage of 2000 flowers per treatment converted to fruits and seeds was assessed across 24 recipient plants following (1) self-pollination, (2) local outcross pollination (same population), (3) non-local outcross pollination (pollen sourced from another population 30 km away), (4) unpollinated but bagged flowers and (5) unpollinated, unbagged flowers (natural pollination). The relative performance of the resulting seeds was assessed by seed weight, germination rates and, in an unplanned component of the study, resistance to a fungal pathogen. The percentage of flowers converted to fruits following self-pollination was low (0.9%), but demonstrated self-compatibility. Fruit set following cross-pollinations (3.6 and 3.3% for non-local and local crosses, respectively) was significantly greater than that following self-pollination, open-pollination (0.4%) and autogamous (0.04%) treatments. Low fruit set for open-pollinated flowers, compared with self- and outcross-pollination treatments, suggests pollen limitation. Pollen tubes were observed in 15 and 20% of upper styles of flowers hand-pollinated with self and local outcross pollen, respectively. Seed germination was dependent on the source of pollen, where fewer selfed seeds germinated (37%) than did both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (83 and 91%, respectively). Selfed seedlings showed poorer survival (33.3%) following fungal attack than both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (69.2 and 68.5%, respectively). Only 13% of selfed seeds survived to be 2-month-old seedlings, compared with 63% for non-local and 57% for local outcrossed seeds. Ultimately, for 2000 flowers hand-pollinated with self pollen, only three seedlings survived to an age of 16 weeks, compared with 37 and 45 seedlings for local-cross and non-local cross treatments on 2000 hand-pollinated flowers, respectively. These results indicate that in this population, B. ilicifolia is self-compatible, but preferentially outcrossing, with strong early acting inbreeding depression. Consequently, the breeding system of B. ilicifolia promotes the maintenance of genetic variation and a high genetic load.

scholarly journals Effects of Self-pollination and Cross-pollination of Vaccinium darrowii (Ericaceae) and Other Low-chill Blueberries

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1538-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario J. Chavez ◽  
Paul M. Lyrene
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Wild Blueberry

Partial to complete self-incompatibility is normal in most Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) species. Wild blueberry plants of several Florida provenances and species were self- and cross-pollinated in a greenhouse free of pollinators. Fruit set of V. darrowii Camp (2x), V. corymbosum L. (4x), V. arboreum Marsh (2x), and F1 (V. darrowii × V. corymbosum) hybrids was higher after cross-pollination than after self-pollination. Partial to complete self-incompatibility was present in V. darrowii, V. corymbosum, and their tetraploid F1 hybrids. The three V. arboreum clones tested were fully self-incompatible. Intra- and interpopulation crosses in V. corymbosum, V. darrowii, and V. darrowii × V. corymbosum hybrids were highly successful, and self-pollination reduced all fertility parameters. Advanced selections of V. corymbosum were the most self-compatible clones tested, possibly because self-compatibility has been increased by breeders selecting for reliable fruit set in large fields planted with one or a few clones. One southern highbush selection and two F1 hybrids had fruit set of more than 70% after self-pollination. These plants could be potentially used to breed plants that could be planted in single blocks providing reliable yield.

scholarly journals Pollinator Contribution to the Production of Cowpea in the Amazon

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1157-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos G. Vaz ◽  
Domingos de Oliveira ◽  
Orlando S. Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is a very important legume in the diet of the population of the Amazon. Although it is autogamous, this species has a cross-pollination rate of ≈10%. Over several years, the mean productivity of cowpea has declined. We suggest that this is linked to a decrease in or an absence of pollinating insects in the fields. The objective of this study is to ascertain the pollinator contribution to cowpea production, as well as to determine the pollination type of the `BR3-Tracuateua' cultivar. In an experimental design, four treatments were compared: no pollination, with flowers in cages to prevent insect visits; open-pollination, with flowers exposed to all visiting insects; self-pollination, with flowers pollinated with their own pollen; and cross-pollination, with emasculated flowers being pollinated manually with pollen from another plant. We observed higher fruit set in the presence of pollinators (83%) than in their absence (77%, caged flowers). However, cross-pollination reduced both the number of seeds per pod and fruit set relative to self-pollination. This result suggests that pollinators have a complementary role in the yield of cowpea, by creating a mixed pollination system where self-pollination dominates.

scholarly journals Pollination Strategies to Improve Fruit Set in Orchards of ‘Manzanilloʼ Olive in a Nontraditional Producing Country, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Sánchez-Estrada ◽  
Julián Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Pollination Deficit ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Compatible Pollen ◽  
The Right

In countries new to producing ‘Manzanillo’ olive trees (Olea europaea), free cross-pollination is often insufficient to obtain high levels of fruit set. An appropriate pollination design is therefore essential to ensure a timely, abundant, and compatible pollen supply. With a view to determining whether a pollination deficit exists in a nontraditional olive area such as the northern Mexico, pollination experiments were carried out in two consecutive seasons in both a monovarietal and a multivarietal Manzanillo orchard, where Sevillano, Barouni, Picual, Pendolino, Mission, Nevadillo, and Frantoio trees were growing nearby. The pollination treatments were self-, open, and cross-pollination with ‘Barouni’ and ‘Sevillano’ pollen, the latter only in the multivarietal orchard. The results confirmed the full self-incompatible condition of ‘Manzanillo’. Open-pollination did not improve fruit set in the monovarietal orchard, but it did so significantly in the multivarietal plot, where fruit set levels under open-pollination matched those of cross-pollination. Lower pollen adhesion, as well as occasional decreased germination, and reduced and delayed pollen tube growth were observed under self-pollination, highlighting self-incompatibility reactions. The reduction in fertilization rates led to low fruit set under self-pollination. Positive effects of open- and cross-pollination treatments were also noted on fruit weight (despite higher crop loads) and pulp-to-pit ratios. A strategic plantation design, including appropriate pollinizers in the right number and position, is therefore suggested for increasing ‘Manzanillo’ fruit quality and yield in Mexico. Both ‘Barouni’ and ‘Sevillano’ served as efficient pollinizers for ‘Manzanillo’, although we recommend ‘Barouni’ as a more efficient because the bloom periods of them matched that of ‘Manzanillo’

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