BIOLOGIA REPRODUTIVA DE Neomarica northiana (SCHNEEV) SPRAGUE (IRIDACEAE): “MERANTHIA” - UM CASO ESPECIAL DE POLINIZAÇÃO = REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF Neomarica northiana (SCHNEEV) SPRAGUE (IRIDACEAE)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biologia reprodutiva de Neomarica northiana (Schneev) Sprague (Iridaceae), erva perene que ocorre nas restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A flor desta espécie apresenta três unidades funcionais de polinização denominada “meranthia”. O recurso floral oferecido aos polinizadores é a substância lipídica exsudada na base das tépalas. Análise de cromotografia gasosa das tépalas indicou a presença de limoneno. As flores de N. northiana são polinizadas exclusivamente por abelhas poliléticas de grande porte, Xylocopa sp.. Neomarica northiana é autocompatível. A produção de frutos por polinização natural foi maior do que a produção por polinização manual cruzada. A taxa de fecundidade é de 0,47. Neomarica northiana apresenta crescimento clonal que pode ocorrer de duas formas distintas, por meio do caule rizomatoso e por meio de bulbilhos formados na axila das brácteas.AbstractThe objective of this research was to evaluate the reproductive biology of Neomarica northiana (Iridaceae), a perennial herb that occurs in the Atlantic Coast restingas (humid subtropical broadleaf forest) of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Each flower of this species has three functional pollinating units called “meranthia”. The main floral resource provided to bees by Neomarica northiana is a lipid substance exuded at the base of the tepals. Gas-chromatographic analysis of tepal samples revealed the presence of limonene. Flowers of N. northiana are pollinated exclusively by large bodied species of bees (Xylocopa sp.). Fruit production from natural pollination is higher than from manual pollination. The fecundity rate is 0.47. Neomarica northiana has clonal growth, which may occur by means of the rhizomatous stem, which produces offshoots close to one another; or by means of axillary bulbils.

A comparative study of the reproductive success of Theobroma Cacao L (malvaceae) undernatural and manual pollination

The reproductive successes under natural and manual pollination were assessed. Two cocoa farms around Bobiri Forest Reserve, in the Ejisu-Juabeng District Ghana were purposively selected. Fifteen percent of open flowers from five selected cocoa trees were subjected to manual-pollination and total exclusion. Ninety pods under natural pollination were compared with ninety pods under manually pollination. Proximate analysis was carried out to evaluate the macronutrients of cocoa pod and seeds produced under the two pollination modes. Results show that pollinator exclusion significantly decreased fruit set (df=2, X2 =12.5, P=0.00) and flower set (df= 2, F=25.2, P=0.00) (P=0.00). Pod weights and seed numbers significantly differed (V=0.049, F (4.49)=0.986, p<0.01, eta squared=0.049) irrespective of pod size and mode of pollination, however, there were individual differences. Weights of small pods did not differ (p>0.05) under the two pollination regimes, however, weights of medium size pods (p < 0.05) and that of the large pods (<0.05) produced under the two regimes of pollination differed. Number of beans and the size of pods did not differ under the two modes of pollination. Linear relationship existed between weight (y) and seed number (x) of individual pods: Y=18.56 + 0.016x; R2 =0.45. Macronutrients of pods and seeds did not differ (paired t test= 4.08, 29 d. f.; P=0.12) under the two pollination mode. The study concluded that natural pollination contributed to cocoa production.

Research on the reproductive biological characteristics of Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu

Objective To explore the influence of biological characteristics on the yield of Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu, to find an effective pollen viability evaluation method and storage method to solve the problem of the low yield of Amomum plants. Methods Five germplasm of Amomum plants were used to investigate the effects of the phenological phase, pollen viability, and stigma receptivity on natural and artificial fruit set. Results Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu showed late flowering, and its natural pollination rate is higher than that of Amomum villosum Lour. In all germplasm, the artificial pollination rate and fruit setting rate are more than 3 times higher than that under natural conditions. Fruits begin to drop seven days after successful pollination, and the fruit drop is basically stable after one month. The hybridization verification showed that TTC method was simpler and more accurate than in vitro germination method. Optimal storage conditions for pollen are 4°C and high humidity. After 36 h of storage, pollen can still be used for artificial cross-pollination or as hybrid parents. Conclusion The special biological characteristics are the fundamental reason for the low natural pollination rate of Amomum plants. The accurate measurement method of Amomum plants pollen is the TTC method, and storage at 4°C and high humidity can increase the yield, which was six times that of the natural yield.

The Effect of Hand Pollination on the Yield of African Horned Cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus E. May. Ex Naudin) Grown under Protected Environments

Pollination is the process by which pollen grains are exchanged in plant flowers to allow for fertilisation and production to take place. However, challenges occur when crops are grown under protected structures where there are minimal activities of natural pollination agents such as wind and animals which are responsible for transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the effect on hand pollination on the yield of African horned cucumber grown under greenhouse and shade net environment. A factorial experiment with two factors (hand pollinated and non-hand pollinated/control) was conducted under two different growing environments (greenhouse and shade net). African horned cucumber plants were hand self-pollinated in the morning. Pollen were manually transferred with a hand using the new earbud from the male to the female flowers on the same plant (selfing). Results showed that hand pollinated African horned cucumber plants increased total biomass from 0.93 to 2.23 kg under greenhouse environment. Hand pollinated plants increased harvest index from 0.07 to 0.35 under shade net environment. It can thus, be deduced that hand pollination increases African horned cucumber yield in the greenhouse and shade net environments.

Mating system and female reproductive success of the endemic and endangered epiphyte Rhynchostele cervantesii (Orchidaceae) in a cloud forest in Michoacan, Mexico

Background and aims – The Orchidaceae family is vulnerable, because of the destruction of their habitat, as well as the extraction of individuals from natural populations. This is the case of the genus Rhynchostele Rchb.f.; among the actions considered important for appropriate conservation strategies for this genus is the generation of fundamental knowledge, such as on its reproductive biology. The objective of this work is to understand the mating system and reproductive success of Rhynchostele cervantesii, an endangered epiphytic orchid endemic to Mexico.Material and methods – Manual and open-pollination treatments were conducted during 2014 and 2015 in a cloud forest in Michoacan, Mexico. In each period, 30 to 40 randomly selected inflorescences were subjected to the following treatments: a) spontaneous-self-pollination, b) emasculation, c) self-pollination, d) cross-pollination, and e) open-pollination. The developed fruits were counted and harvested, the viability of the seeds was determined, through the observation and evaluation of embryos using microscopy.Key results – Significant differences were recorded between the treatments in both 2014 and 2015, with higher fruit production in cross-pollination than in self-pollination and natural-pollination. There were significant differences in seed viability, with higher values for seeds from open-pollination and cross-pollination and lower values for seeds from self-pollination.Conclusions – Rhynchostele cervantesii is a species that requires pollinators for sexual reproduction because there is no fruit production with spontaneous-self-pollination. Under pollen limitation, the fruit set of natural pollination was a lot lower than in cross-pollination although fruits were the same quality. R. cervantesii had a mixed mating system with a tendency to exogamy, presenting high values of female reproductive success compared to other tropical epiphytic orchid species reported in the literature.

Date Palm Pollen: Features, Production, Extraction and Pollination Methods

Date palm pollen (DPP) plays a very important role in the fertilization process, since its viability and the pollination method influence on the quality, development, and yield of the fruit. In the present study, a broad review of its main characteristics, consumption, and DPP production are presented, as well as a description of its extraction methods and viability tests. The evolution of the pollination methods used in the date palm is also presented, from its natural pollination to the use of specialized mechanical and electrical devices, as well as the use of dry DPP and the current trend towards the use of DPP in liquid suspension. Likewise, the efficiency of the methods of natural pollination (wind); traditional (strands placement); dusting hand; dusting with manual, mechanical, or electric pollinator; and liquid pollination were evaluated from the fruit set percentage (FSP). Finally, starting from a scientometric analysis, the pollination methods were widely discussed, concluding that the dusting spraying of pollen suspension with liquid DPP is the pollination method that commonly presents the highest FSP, followed by dusting dry DPP with a motorized pollinator.

Self-Pollinated (Geinotogami) of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. Type Udang

Aims: The research aimed to study the ability of natural and artificial self-pollinated (Geitonogamy) of gambir. Study Design: Experimental method consisted of determining the sample plants. Sampling determination was conducted by non probability sampling, purposive sampling. Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted in the UPT Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang from September 2019 to December 2019 Methodology: an experimental method consisted of determining the sample plants, conducting natural and artificial geitonogamy self-pollinated systems, observing sample plants, collecting data based on the experiment, and sample-testing in the laboratory. Sample determination selected by non-probabilistic sampling with purposive sampling method. Observation included percentage of pollination, percentage of fertilization, number of fruit formed, pollen fertility and sterility Results: Data observations were analyzed with simple statistics. The results showed that (1) the percentage of pollination through the geitonogamy natural pollination system of udang gambier type was 89.30%, (2) the percentage of fertilization in the geitonogami's own natural pollination system was 10.68% and artificial was 27.5%, (3) the average percentage of pollen fertility was 56.56% and the pollen sterility was 43.44% tested with the bromothymol blue staining method. Conclusion: Artificial geitonogami self-pollination was potential to develop for gambir cultivation.

RATIO OPTIMUM GALUR MANDUL JANTAN (A line) DAN GALUR PEMULIH KESUBURAN (R line) PADA PRODUKSI BENIH HIBRIDA KAPAS

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Teknologi kapas hibrida merupakan salah satu upaya untuk<br />meningkatkan produksi kapas nasional. Sampai saat ini belum tersedia<br />varietas kapas hibrida nasional untuk program pengembangan kapas<br />nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui ratio galur (A line) mandul<br />jantan dan galur pemulih kesuburan (R line) yang optimum untuk<br />menghasilkan benih hibrida kapas paling tinggi dengan cara persilangan<br />alami. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Pasirian-Lumajang,<br />Jawa Timur mulai Januari sampai Desember 2011. Percobaan ini terdiri<br />dari satu pembanding T1 dengan penyerbukan manual dan 5 perbandingan<br />ratio (A line : R line) yang berbeda, yaitu T2 (3:2), T3 (4:2), T4 (5:2), T5<br />(6:2), dan T6 (7:2) dengan penyerbukan alami. Perlakuan disusun dalam<br />Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) diulang 3 kali dengan luas petak<br />masing-masing perlakuan 25 m x 5 m. Benih kapas ditanam dengan jarak<br />125 cm x 25 cm. Pupuk yang diberikan sebanyak 300 kg pupuk majemuk<br />(15 N:15 P 2 O 5 :15 K 2 O) dan 100 kg pupuk Urea/ha. Hasil penelitian<br />menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penyerbukan manual (T1) menghasilkan<br />kapas berbiji sebanyak 1023 kg/ha, nyata paling tinggi dibandingkan<br />perlakuan dengan penyerbukan alami. Terdapat korelasi positif yang<br />sangat nyata antara hasil kapas berbiji dengan jumlah populasi (r =<br />0.75967). Hasil kapas berbiji tidak berbeda pada perlakuan T2 sampai T6<br />yang bervariasi antara 377- 452 kg kapas berbiji/ha, dengan efisiensi<br />penyerbukan alami sebesar 37–45%. Untuk produksi benih hibrida dengan<br />persilangan alami dapat digunakan ratio 7 baris tetua betina dan 2 baris<br />tetua jantan (perlakuan T6). Harga benih hibrida kapas yang dihasilkan<br />dengan cara penyerbukan alami sebesar Rp. 98.571,-/kg sedangkan dengan<br />cara penyerbukan manual sebesar Rp. 101.826,-/kg.<br />Kata kunci: Gossypium hirsutum, mandul jantan, pemulih kesuburan,<br />penyerbukan manual, penyerbukan alami</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Hybrid cotton technology is an attempt to increase the national<br />cotton production. Hybrid cotton varieties is not yet available for the<br />national cotton development program. This study was aimed at<br />determining optimum ratio of male sterile lines (A line) and restorers (R<br />line) lines for producing high hybrid cotton seed yield. The experiment<br />was conducted in the Experimental Garden Pasirian-Lumajang, East Java<br />from January to December 2011. This experiment consisted of T1 with<br />manual pollination (control), and 5 different ratios (A line : R line) with<br />natural pollination namely T2 (3:2), T3 (4:2), T4 (5:2 ), T5 (6:2) and T6<br />(7:2). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with<br />3 replications, plot size was 25 m x 5 m of each. Seeds were sown with<br />a distance of 125 cm x 25 cm. Fertilizers given were 300 kg of compound<br />fertilizer (15 N: 15 P 2 O 5 : 15 K 2 O) and 100 kg Urea /ha. From this research<br />it was found out that the T1 treatment by manual pollination produced as<br />much 1023 kg seed cotton yield / ha, was the highest compared to natural<br />pollination treatments. There was high correlation between seed cotton<br />yield and plant population (r = 0.75967). Seed cotton yield of T2 to T6<br />treatments was not significantly different, which varies between 377-452<br />kg/ha, with natural pollination efficiency of 37-45%. Therefore, for cotton<br />hybrid seed production based male sterility by natural crossing, 7 rows of<br />female lines and 2 rows of male lines ratio (treatment T6) can be used.<br />Price of cotton hybrid seed by natural pollination as much as Rp. 98,571, -<br />/kg while by manual pollination as much as Rp. 101, 826, - /kg.<br />Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, male sterile, restorer, manual pollination,<br />natural pollination</p>