scholarly journals Exposure to Zoonotic West Nile Virus in Long-Tailed Macaques and Bats in Peninsular Malaysia

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2367
Author(s):  
Mohd Yuseri Ain-Najwa ◽  
Abd Rahaman Yasmin ◽  
Siti Suri Arshad ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar ◽  
Jalila Abu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Status

The role of wildlife such as wild birds, macaques, and bats in the spreading and maintenance of deadly zoonotic pathogens in nature have been well documented in many parts of the world. One such pathogen is the mosquitoes borne virus, namely the West Nile Virus (WNV). Previous research has shown that 1:7 and 1:6 Malaysian wild birds are WNV antibody and RNA positive, respectively, and bats in North America may not be susceptible to the WNV infection. This study was conducted to determine the status of WNV in Malaysian macaques and bats found in mangrove forests and caves, respectively. Archive sera and oropharyngeal swabs from long-tailed macaques were subjected to the antibody detection using WNV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and WNV RNA using RT-PCR, respectively, while the archive oropharyngeal and rectal swabs from bats were subjected to RT-PCR without serological analysis due to the unavailability of serum samples. The analysis revealed a WNV seropositivity of 29.63% (24/81) and none of the macaques were positive for WNV RNA. Meanwhile, 12.2% (5/41) of the bats from Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, and Rhinolophidae families tested positive for WNV RNA. Here, we show a high WNV antibody prevalence in macaques and a moderate WNV RNA in various Malaysian bat species, suggesting that WNV circulates through Malaysian wild animals and Malaysian bat species may be susceptible to the WNV infection.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus and Related Flavivirus in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Latium Region, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Angela Petruccelli ◽  
Tiziana Zottola ◽  
Gianmarco Ferrara ◽  
Valentina Iovane ◽  
Cristina Di Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
European Wild Boar

Background: A retrospective sero-survey for evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in European wild boar (Sus scorfa) was conducted in the Latium region, Italy, on stored serum samples of the period November 2011 to January 2012. Methods: Sera were collected from 168 European wild boars and screened for antibodies to WNV and other Flaviviruses by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). All sera positive for Flavivirus antibodies by cELISA were further examined by virus neutralization test (VNT). To test the presence of Flavivirus RNA in samples, an RT-PCR was performed using a pan-Flavivirus primers pair. Results: Thirteen wild boars (7.73%) were seropositive for Flaviviruses. The hemolysis of serum samples limited the interpretation of the VNT for 7 samples, confirming the presence of specific antibody against WNV in a single European wild boar serum sample. The presence of ELISA positive/VNT negative samples suggests the occurrence of non-neutralizing antibodies against WNV or other antigen-related Flaviviruses. No samples resulted positive for Flavivirus by RT-PCR assay. Conclusion: Although a moderately high percentage of animals with specific antibody for WNV has been detected in wild boar in other surveillance studies in Europe, this has not been reported previously in Italy. Together, these data indicate that European wild boar are exposed to WNV and/or other related-Flavivirus in central Italy and confirm the usefulness of wild ungulates, as suitable Flavivirus sentinels.

scholarly journals Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Shariful Islam ◽  
Mohammad Enayet Hossain ◽  
Jinnat Ferdous ◽  
Josefina Abedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Vector Borne

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. To detect WNV and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012–2016 from four districts in Bangladesh. We tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against WNV using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (c-PCR) for the detection of the flavivirus RNA. Overall, we detected 11.9% (n = 22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.16) samples were seropositive, including 15.9% in the migratory wild birds and 10.7% in the resident wild birds. The migratory wild Tufted duck showed 28.5% seropositivity, whereas the resident wild house crows showed 12.5% seropositivity. None of the swab samples was positive for flavivirus RNA infection (0%, n = 184; 95% CI: 0–0.019). These study findings recommend continued surveillance for early detection and to better understand the epidemiology of WNV and other flavivirus circulation in both birds and mosquitoes in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Serological Evaluation of Suspected West Nile Virus Human Cases following Its Introduction during a Dengue Outbreak in Puerto Rico in 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hunsperger ◽  
Manuela Beltran ◽  
Luz Nereida Acosta ◽  
Jorge Jordan-Munoz ◽  
Jomil Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 1 ◽  
Testing Algorithm

ABSTRACTA laboratory testing algorithm was evaluated to confirm West Nile virus (WNV) infection in human serum following the introduction of the virus in Puerto Rico in 2007. This testing algorithm used two standard diagnostic assays, the IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), along with two nonconventional assays, the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) ELISA and a 90%-plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) with IgG depletion for dengue virus (DENV) and WNV. A total of 2,321 serum samples from suspected WNV human cases were submitted for testing. Approximately one-third (867, 37%) were cross-reactive for DENV and WNV by MAC ELISA and had negative RT-PCR results for both viruses. Of a subset of 43 samples tested, 31 (72%) of these cases were identified as positive for DENV in the PRNT90with IgG depletion and 8 (19%) were positive in the DENV NS1 antigen ELISA. These two assays combined differentiated 36 (84%) of the samples that could not be diagnosed using the standard diagnostic testing methods.

The survey of wild birds for West Nile virus in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Niczyporuk ◽  
E. Samorek-Salamonowicz ◽  
W. Kozdruń ◽  
Z. Mizak
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
The Brain

The survey of wild birds for West Nile virus in PolandTwo thousand one hundred and forty birds belonging to 39 different species from different locations in Poland were examined. The study has taken place from the early spring till late autumn 2007-2010 when the activity of the mosquitoes was the highest. The brain samples were taken from the birds and whole cellular RNA was isolated, then the RT-PCR and NRT-PCR were performed to detect the presence of West Nile virus (WNV). The obtained results were confirmed by the commercial WNV Kit. No genetic material of WNV was found in the examined samples.

Attempts to detect West Nile virus in wild birds in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jowita Niczyporuk ◽  
Elżbieta Samorek-Salamonowicz ◽  
Wojciech Kozdruń ◽  
Zbigniew Mizak
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study was to attempt the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in wild birds in Poland. Forty-eight species of 1912 wild birds were used for the investigations. The birds were derived from various locations in Poland from early spring till late autumn of the years 2009–2011. The brain samples were homogenised and cellular RNA was isolated. Two methods (RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR) were used. The presence of WNV RNA was not detected in the samples examined. Additionally, a short analysis of the epizootiological situation regarding the presence of WNV in Poland is presented.

scholarly journals Occurrence of West Nile Virus Antibodies in Wild Birds, Horses, and Humans in Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk ◽  
Elżbieta Samorek-Salamonowicz ◽  
Sylvie Lecollinet ◽  
Sławomir Andrzej Pancewicz ◽  
Wojciech Kozdruń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Lymphocytic Meningitis ◽  
Positive Results

Serum samples of 474 wild birds, 378 horses, and 42 humans with meningitis and lymphocytic meningitis were collected between 2010 and 2014 from different areas of Poland. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using competition enzyme linked immunosorbent assays: ELISA-1 ID Screen West Nile Competition, IDvet, ELISA-2 ID Screen West Nile IgM Capture, and ELISA-3 Ingezim West Nile Compac. The antibodies were found in 63 (13.29%) out of 474 wild bird serum samples and in one (0.26%) out of 378 horse serum samples. Fourteen (33.33%) out of 42 sera from patients were positive against WNV antigen and one serum was doubtful. Positive samples obtained in birds were next retested with virus microneutralisation test to confirm positive results and cross-reactions with other antigens of the Japanese encephalitis complex. We suspect that positive serological results in humans, birds, and horses indicate that WNV can be somehow closely related with the ecosystem in Poland.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Seroprevalence among Qatari and Immigrant Populations within Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasna Kunhipurayil ◽  
Muna Ahmed ◽  
Gheyath Nasrallah
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Viral Neutralization ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely spread arboviruses worldwide and a highly significant pathogen in humans and animals. Despite frequent outbreaks and endemic transmission being reported in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), seroprevalence studies of WNV in Qatar are highly lacking. Aim: This study aims to investigate the actual prevalence of WNV among local and expatriate communities in the Qatar using a large sample size of seemingly healthy donors. Method: A total of 1992 serum samples were collected from donors of age 18 or older and were tested for the presence of WNV antibodies. Serion enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial microplate kits were used to detect the presence of the WNV IgM and IgG. The seropositivity was statistically analyzed using SPSS software with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgG and IgM in Qatar was 10.3% and 3.4%, respectively. The country-specific seroprevalence according to nationality for WNV IgG and IgM, respectively, were Sudan (37.0%, 10.0%), Egypt (31.6%, 4.4%), India (13.4%, 3.2%), Yemen(10.2%, 7.0%), Pakistan (8.6%, 2.7%), Iran (10.6%, 0.0%), Philippines (5.4%, 0.0%), Jordan(6.8%, 1.1%), Syria (2.6%, 9.6%), Palestine (2.6%, 0.6%), Qatar (1.6%, 1.7%), and Lebanon (0.9%, 0.0%). The prevalence of both IgM and IgG was significantly correlated with the nationality (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Among these tested nationalities, Qatar national has a relatively low burden of WNV disease. The highest prevalence of WNV was found in the Sub Saharan African nationalities like Sudan and Egypt. The seroprevalence of WNV is different from the previously reported arboviruses such as CHIKV and DENV, which was highest among Asian countries (India and Philippines). Further confirmatory tests such as viral neutralization assays are needed to confirm the IgM seropositivity in these samples since these samples could be a source of viral transmission through blood donation.

scholarly journals Evidence of West Nile virus infection in migratory and resident wild birds in west coast of peninsular Malaysia

One Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 100134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Yuseri Ain-Najwa ◽  
Abd Rahaman Yasmin ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar ◽  
Siti Suri Arshad ◽  
Jalila Abu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Coast ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild birds in Serbia during 2012: first isolation and characterisation of WNV strains from Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Petrović ◽  
A B Blázquez ◽  
D Lupulović ◽  
G Lazić ◽  
E Escribano-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Full Genomic Sequence ◽  
Common Pheasant ◽  
Mute Swans

West Nile virus (WNV), a neurovirulent mosquito-transmissible zoonotic virus, has caused recent outbreaks in Europe, including Serbia from August until October 2012. Although humans can be infected, birds are the main natural WNV reservoir. To assess WNV circulation in northern Serbia, 133 wild birds were investigated. These comprised resident and migratory birds, collected between January and September 2012 in the Vojvodina province. The birds belonged to 45 species within 27 families. Blood sera (n=92) and pooled tissues from respective birds (n=81) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). WNV antibodies were detected in seven (8%) sera: four from Mute Swans (Cygnus olor), two from White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicillas), and one from a Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Five sera neutralised WNV but not Usutu virus. For the first time in Serbia, WNV RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in pooled tissue samples of eight respective birds. WNV RNA was also derived from an additional bird, after a serum sample resulted infective in cell culture. The total nine WNV RNA positive birds included three Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), two White-tailed Eagles, one Legged Gull (Larus michahelis), one Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), one Bearded Parrot-bill (Panarus biramicus), and one Common Pheasant. Phylogenetic analysis of partial E region sequences showed the presence of, at least, two lineage 2 Serbian clusters closely related to those responsible for recent human and animal outbreaks in Greece, Hungary and Italy. Full genomic sequence from a goshawk isolate corroborated this data. These results confirm WNV circulation in Serbia and highlight the risk of infection for humans and horses, pointing to the need for implementing WNV surveillance programmes.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in veterinarians and horses in Northern Palestine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1241-1245
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alzuheir ◽  
Adnan Fayyad ◽  
Nasr Jalboush ◽  
Rosemary Abdallah ◽  
Sameeh Abutarbush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
And Control

Background and Aim: West Nile fever (WNF) is a neurotropic, mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domesticated animals, caused by a member of the genus Flavivirus. Over the last decades, this virus has been responsible for several cases of illness in humans and animals. The current epidemiological status of WNF in horses is insufficient, and in veterinarians, as an occupational hazard is unknown. This study aimed to investigate and determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for WNF in veterinarians and horses in Palestine. Materials and Methods: In this study, serum samples from 100 veterinarians and 87 horses were collected between August 2020 and September 2020 from different cities of Northern Palestine. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results showed that 60.9% of the horse serum samples were positive in all investigated cities. In horses, location is a risk factor for the seropositivity for WNF, whereas age, sex, breed, and intended use of the horses, were not associated with increased WNF seropositivity. In veterinarians, 23.0% of the serum samples were positive. Positive samples were detected in all locations, age groups, experience length, and work sectors. However, the seropositivity for WNF was not influenced by these variables. Conclusion: The results revealed that WNV circulates in most regions of Palestine. Our results will help determine the risk of infection in animals and humans and control WNV transmission. Surveillance studies on humans, vectors, and animals are needed to better define endemic areas.

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