scholarly journals West Nile Virus and Related Flavivirus in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Latium Region, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Angela Petruccelli ◽  
Tiziana Zottola ◽  
Gianmarco Ferrara ◽  
Valentina Iovane ◽  
Cristina Di Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
European Wild Boar

Background: A retrospective sero-survey for evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in European wild boar (Sus scorfa) was conducted in the Latium region, Italy, on stored serum samples of the period November 2011 to January 2012. Methods: Sera were collected from 168 European wild boars and screened for antibodies to WNV and other Flaviviruses by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). All sera positive for Flavivirus antibodies by cELISA were further examined by virus neutralization test (VNT). To test the presence of Flavivirus RNA in samples, an RT-PCR was performed using a pan-Flavivirus primers pair. Results: Thirteen wild boars (7.73%) were seropositive for Flaviviruses. The hemolysis of serum samples limited the interpretation of the VNT for 7 samples, confirming the presence of specific antibody against WNV in a single European wild boar serum sample. The presence of ELISA positive/VNT negative samples suggests the occurrence of non-neutralizing antibodies against WNV or other antigen-related Flaviviruses. No samples resulted positive for Flavivirus by RT-PCR assay. Conclusion: Although a moderately high percentage of animals with specific antibody for WNV has been detected in wild boar in other surveillance studies in Europe, this has not been reported previously in Italy. Together, these data indicate that European wild boar are exposed to WNV and/or other related-Flavivirus in central Italy and confirm the usefulness of wild ungulates, as suitable Flavivirus sentinels.

scholarly journals Exposure to Zoonotic West Nile Virus in Long-Tailed Macaques and Bats in Peninsular Malaysia

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2367
Author(s):  
Mohd Yuseri Ain-Najwa ◽  
Abd Rahaman Yasmin ◽  
Siti Suri Arshad ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar ◽  
Jalila Abu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Status

The role of wildlife such as wild birds, macaques, and bats in the spreading and maintenance of deadly zoonotic pathogens in nature have been well documented in many parts of the world. One such pathogen is the mosquitoes borne virus, namely the West Nile Virus (WNV). Previous research has shown that 1:7 and 1:6 Malaysian wild birds are WNV antibody and RNA positive, respectively, and bats in North America may not be susceptible to the WNV infection. This study was conducted to determine the status of WNV in Malaysian macaques and bats found in mangrove forests and caves, respectively. Archive sera and oropharyngeal swabs from long-tailed macaques were subjected to the antibody detection using WNV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and WNV RNA using RT-PCR, respectively, while the archive oropharyngeal and rectal swabs from bats were subjected to RT-PCR without serological analysis due to the unavailability of serum samples. The analysis revealed a WNV seropositivity of 29.63% (24/81) and none of the macaques were positive for WNV RNA. Meanwhile, 12.2% (5/41) of the bats from Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, and Rhinolophidae families tested positive for WNV RNA. Here, we show a high WNV antibody prevalence in macaques and a moderate WNV RNA in various Malaysian bat species, suggesting that WNV circulates through Malaysian wild animals and Malaysian bat species may be susceptible to the WNV infection.

scholarly journals Serological Evaluation of Suspected West Nile Virus Human Cases following Its Introduction during a Dengue Outbreak in Puerto Rico in 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hunsperger ◽  
Manuela Beltran ◽  
Luz Nereida Acosta ◽  
Jorge Jordan-Munoz ◽  
Jomil Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 1 ◽  
Testing Algorithm

ABSTRACTA laboratory testing algorithm was evaluated to confirm West Nile virus (WNV) infection in human serum following the introduction of the virus in Puerto Rico in 2007. This testing algorithm used two standard diagnostic assays, the IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), along with two nonconventional assays, the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) ELISA and a 90%-plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) with IgG depletion for dengue virus (DENV) and WNV. A total of 2,321 serum samples from suspected WNV human cases were submitted for testing. Approximately one-third (867, 37%) were cross-reactive for DENV and WNV by MAC ELISA and had negative RT-PCR results for both viruses. Of a subset of 43 samples tested, 31 (72%) of these cases were identified as positive for DENV in the PRNT90with IgG depletion and 8 (19%) were positive in the DENV NS1 antigen ELISA. These two assays combined differentiated 36 (84%) of the samples that could not be diagnosed using the standard diagnostic testing methods.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Seroprevalence among Qatari and Immigrant Populations within Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasna Kunhipurayil ◽  
Muna Ahmed ◽  
Gheyath Nasrallah
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Viral Neutralization ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely spread arboviruses worldwide and a highly significant pathogen in humans and animals. Despite frequent outbreaks and endemic transmission being reported in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), seroprevalence studies of WNV in Qatar are highly lacking. Aim: This study aims to investigate the actual prevalence of WNV among local and expatriate communities in the Qatar using a large sample size of seemingly healthy donors. Method: A total of 1992 serum samples were collected from donors of age 18 or older and were tested for the presence of WNV antibodies. Serion enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial microplate kits were used to detect the presence of the WNV IgM and IgG. The seropositivity was statistically analyzed using SPSS software with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgG and IgM in Qatar was 10.3% and 3.4%, respectively. The country-specific seroprevalence according to nationality for WNV IgG and IgM, respectively, were Sudan (37.0%, 10.0%), Egypt (31.6%, 4.4%), India (13.4%, 3.2%), Yemen(10.2%, 7.0%), Pakistan (8.6%, 2.7%), Iran (10.6%, 0.0%), Philippines (5.4%, 0.0%), Jordan(6.8%, 1.1%), Syria (2.6%, 9.6%), Palestine (2.6%, 0.6%), Qatar (1.6%, 1.7%), and Lebanon (0.9%, 0.0%). The prevalence of both IgM and IgG was significantly correlated with the nationality (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Among these tested nationalities, Qatar national has a relatively low burden of WNV disease. The highest prevalence of WNV was found in the Sub Saharan African nationalities like Sudan and Egypt. The seroprevalence of WNV is different from the previously reported arboviruses such as CHIKV and DENV, which was highest among Asian countries (India and Philippines). Further confirmatory tests such as viral neutralization assays are needed to confirm the IgM seropositivity in these samples since these samples could be a source of viral transmission through blood donation.

scholarly journals Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Shariful Islam ◽  
Mohammad Enayet Hossain ◽  
Jinnat Ferdous ◽  
Josefina Abedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Vector Borne

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. To detect WNV and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012–2016 from four districts in Bangladesh. We tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against WNV using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (c-PCR) for the detection of the flavivirus RNA. Overall, we detected 11.9% (n = 22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.16) samples were seropositive, including 15.9% in the migratory wild birds and 10.7% in the resident wild birds. The migratory wild Tufted duck showed 28.5% seropositivity, whereas the resident wild house crows showed 12.5% seropositivity. None of the swab samples was positive for flavivirus RNA infection (0%, n = 184; 95% CI: 0–0.019). These study findings recommend continued surveillance for early detection and to better understand the epidemiology of WNV and other flavivirus circulation in both birds and mosquitoes in Bangladesh.

Presence of antibodies against rabies in wild boars

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorazd Vengušt ◽  
Peter Hostnik ◽  
Mojca Cerovšek ◽  
Polona Cilenšek ◽  
Tadej Malovrh
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Research Reporting

Serum samples of 746 shot wild boars collected throughout Slovenia during the hunting season of 2005/2006 were examined for the presence of antibodies against rabies virus: 541 samples were collected in areas subjected to yearly antirabies vaccination, and 205 samples were collected in areas where preventive antirabies vaccination was not practised. Using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in 209 out of 746 sera (28%) the levels of antibodies against rabies virus were higher than 0.5 IU/ml and deemed positive. A total of 173/541 (32%) and 36/205 (18%) samples were positive in the vaccinated and nonvaccinated areas, respectively. Further analysis of 191 out of the 746 samples using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (FAVN) test revealed the presence of antibodies against rabies virus in 122/191 (64%) samples. This is the first extended research reporting that antibodies against rabies virus that originate from preventive oral vaccination targeting the fox population are present in wild boar.

scholarly journals Detection of anti-HEV antibodies and RNA of HEV in pigs from a hyperendemic Italian region with high human seroprevalence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camillo Martino ◽  
Elisa Rampacci ◽  
Ilaria Pierini ◽  
Monica Giammarioli ◽  
Valentina Stefanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
South Central

Abstract Background Pigs are considered the main reservoir of genotypes 3 and 4 of hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is the major cause of acute hepatitis of viral origin in humans worldwide. An increasing number of autochthonous HEV infections have been observed in recent years in industrialized countries, most likely as a result of zoonotic transmission through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat products. Methods Two hundred and thirty-three blood and liver samples were collected at four different local slaughterhouses from domestic pigs bred in Abruzzo, a region of south-central Italy, where there is the highest human seroprevalence to HEV compared with the rest of Italy. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for detecting anti-HEV IgG in the sera, while the presence of HEV RNA was investigated by performing a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Between 87.3% and 100% of swine serum samples collected in different slaughterhouses of Abruzzo were positive for anti-HEV antibodies. Conversely, none of the liver samples collected from the same animals were positive for HEV by real-time RT-PCR. Conclusions The hypothesis of foodborne zoonotic transmission from local pigs as responsible for the hyperendemic status of Abruzzo cannot be corroborated. However, the high seroprevalence observed in pigs indicates that HEV is highly circulating in these territories. We propose to further investigate the role of wild fauna and trade in carrier pigs, and the maintenance of HEV virulence in the environment and meat supply chain to shed light on the possible sources of human infection and the degree of occupational risk.

scholarly journals Sumateran wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) meat antibody production as immunodiagnostic reagent candidate

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-482
Author(s):  
Melani Wahyu Adiningsih ◽  
Retno Damajanti Soejoedono ◽  
Rahmat Setya Adji ◽  
Dwi Desmiyeni Putri ◽  
Trioso Purnawarman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Meat Extract ◽  
The Third

Aim: Meat authentication gives significance values in view of religious, food safety, public health, quality assurance, and legal concern. Most of the meat authentication is based on molecular assay; a simpler method to authenticate meat is needed to develop. An immunoassays technique may offer a solution for simpler test. The aim of our current study was to develop a polyclonal antibody of Sus scrofa vittatus (Sumateran wild boar) as an immunodiagnostic reagent candidate. Materials and Methods: Three male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study for antibody production. Antigen used was meat extract of Sumateran wild boar, each rabbit was immunized with meat extract antigen (0.5 mg/ml) emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio as much as 1 ml at subcutaneous route. Booster was carried out 3 times with interval time of 14 days, using meat extract antigen emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Serum samples were taken every week, start from 1 week after the first immunization up to 1 week after the third booster. Antibody purification was performed using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Protein A. The presence of specific antibody was determined using agar gel precipitation test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while purified specific IgG was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. Results: Specific antibody was detected at 14 days after the first immunization and still detected until 2 weeks after the third booster. Highest absorbance of specific antibody was detected 1 week after the third booster. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that specific antibody of Sumateran wild boar is favorable to be produced in rabbit and showed that antibody produced is applicable to detect Sumateran wild boar meat antigen in immunodiffusion assay, indicating that it is promising as a reagent candidate in immunodiagnostic assay/kit.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in veterinarians and horses in Northern Palestine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1241-1245
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alzuheir ◽  
Adnan Fayyad ◽  
Nasr Jalboush ◽  
Rosemary Abdallah ◽  
Sameeh Abutarbush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
And Control

Background and Aim: West Nile fever (WNF) is a neurotropic, mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domesticated animals, caused by a member of the genus Flavivirus. Over the last decades, this virus has been responsible for several cases of illness in humans and animals. The current epidemiological status of WNF in horses is insufficient, and in veterinarians, as an occupational hazard is unknown. This study aimed to investigate and determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for WNF in veterinarians and horses in Palestine. Materials and Methods: In this study, serum samples from 100 veterinarians and 87 horses were collected between August 2020 and September 2020 from different cities of Northern Palestine. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results showed that 60.9% of the horse serum samples were positive in all investigated cities. In horses, location is a risk factor for the seropositivity for WNF, whereas age, sex, breed, and intended use of the horses, were not associated with increased WNF seropositivity. In veterinarians, 23.0% of the serum samples were positive. Positive samples were detected in all locations, age groups, experience length, and work sectors. However, the seropositivity for WNF was not influenced by these variables. Conclusion: The results revealed that WNV circulates in most regions of Palestine. Our results will help determine the risk of infection in animals and humans and control WNV transmission. Surveillance studies on humans, vectors, and animals are needed to better define endemic areas.

scholarly journals Monoclonal Antibody-Based Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting and Quantifying West Nile Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Horse Sera

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang-Seuk Choi ◽  
Young-Joon Ko ◽  
Jin-Ju Nah ◽  
Yong-Joo Kim ◽  
Shien-Young Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile

ABSTRACT A rapid immunoassay for detecting and quantifying West Nile virus (WNV)-neutralizing antibodies in sera was developed as an alternative to the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), the gold standard test for WNV. The assay is a competitive, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using neutralizing monoclonal antibody 5E8 (NT-ELISA). A cutoff percent inhibition (PI) value of 35% (mean PI plus 3 standard deviations), with a specificity of 99%, was established based on analysis of 246 serum samples from horses free of WNV. The NT-ELISA detected neutralizing antibodies in all sera collected 7 or 14 days postinoculation from mice (n = 11) infected with lineage I (strain NY385-99) or II (strain B956) WNV. When sera from WNV-vaccinated horses (n = 212) were tested by NT-ELISA and PRNT, the NT-ELISA gave a positive result for 96.1% (173/180) of the PRNT-positive sera and 3.1% (1/32) of the PRNT-negative sera. Discrepancies between the two tests were observed mainly with sera with low PRNT90 titers (expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution yielding ≥90% reduction in the number of plaques) for WNV or low PIs by NT-ELISA. The overall agreement (k value) between the two tests was 0.86. A good correlation (r 2 = 0.77) was also observed between the tests for endpoint titration of sera (n = 116). In conclusion, the newly developed NT-ELISA may be a good alternative serologic assay for detecting WNV that can be used for large-scale testing of WNV-neutralizing antibodies in multiple species.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document