scholarly journals ESBL/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Wild Boar: Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1855
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Formenti ◽  
Stefania Calò ◽  
Giovanni Parisio ◽  
Flavia Guarneri ◽  
Laura Birbes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Human Interface

The complex health problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) involves many host species, numerous bacteria and several routes of transmission. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are among the most important strains. Moreover, wildlife hosts are of interest as they are likely antibiotics free and are assumed as environmental indicators of AMR contamination. Particularly, wild boar (Sus scrofa) deserves attention because of its increased population densities, with consequent health risks at the wildlife–domestic–human interface, and the limited data available on AMR. Here, 1504 wild boar fecal samples were microbiologically and molecularly analyzed to investigate ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and, through generalized linear models, the effects of host-related factors and of human population density on their spread. A prevalence of 15.96% of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, supported by blaCTX-M (12.3%), blaTEM (6.98%), blaCMY (0.86%) and blaSHV (0.47%) gene detection, emerged. Young animals were more colonized by ESBL/AmpC strains than older subjects, as observed in domestic animals. Increased human population density leads to increased blaTEM prevalence in wild boar, suggesting that spatial overlap may favor this transmission. Our results show a high level of AMR contamination in the study area that should be further investigated. However, a role of wild boar as a maintenance host of AMR strains emerged.

scholarly journals Leopard (Panthera pardus) occupancy in the Chure range of Nepal.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babu Ram Lamichhane ◽  
Saneer Lamichhane ◽  
Rajan Regmi ◽  
Milan Dhungana ◽  
Sham Thapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Detection Probability ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
Habitat Occupancy ◽  
Himalayan Foothills

Conservation of large carnivores like leopards requires large and interconnected habitats. Despite the wide geographic range of the leopard globally, only 17% of their habitat is within protected areas. In Nepal, leopards are distributed widely across the country but their status is not adequately studied which compromised the necessary conservation attention for the species. This study carried out sign-based occupancy survey across the Chure (the Himalayan foothills) range (~19,000 km2) to understand the habitat occupancy of leopards along with the covariates affecting their presence. The model-averaged leopard occupancy in the Chure range was 0.5732 (0.0082 SD) with a detection probability of 0.2554 (0.1142 SE). The top model included wild boar, ruggedness, presence of livestock and human population density as covariates. The β coefficient estimate from the model indicated the wild boar was the primary covariate contributing positively to the leopard occupancy followed by the presence of livestock, ruggedness and human population density. The detection probability of leopard was higher outside the protected areas, less in the densely vegetated areas, and higher in the area where there is a presence of livestock. Enhanced law enforcement and mass awareness activities are necessary to reduce poaching/killing of wild ungulates and leopard in the Chure range and to increase leopard occupancy. In addition, maintaining a sufficient natural prey base can contribute to minimize the livestock depredation and hence, decrease the human-leopard conflict in the Chure range.

scholarly journals Mountain definitions and their consequences

Alpine Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Körner ◽  
Davnah Urbach ◽  
Jens Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
Human Population Density

AbstractMountains are rugged structures in the landscape that are difficult to delineate. Given that they host an overproportional fraction of biodiversity of high ecological and conservational value, conventions on what is mountainous and what not are in need. This short communication aims at explaining the differences among various popular mountain definitions. Defining mountainous terrain is key for global assessments of plant species richness in mountains and their likely responses to climatic change, as well as for assessing the human population density in and around mountainous terrain.

scholarly journals Human population density correlates with phylogenetic diversity and plant vulnerability in southern Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Maurin ◽  
T.J. Davies ◽  
K. Yessoufou ◽  
B.H. Daru ◽  
B.S. Bezeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Human Population Density

scholarly journals Reptile diversity of Sinos River Basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Fernanda Moser ◽  
Fernanda Rodrigues de Avila ◽  
Roberto Baptista de Oliveira ◽  
Juliano Morales de Oliveira ◽  
Márcio Borges-Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Scientific Collections

Abstract This work aimed to catalog the species of reptiles of the Sinos River Basin based on records from scientific collections and data collected in the field. We recorded 65 species, including 46 snakes, nine lizards, five turtles, four amphisbaenians and one caiman. Snakes composed most of the recorded specimens (91.3%), and the three most representative are venomous and of medical importance. The most urban region of the basin (Lowland) has the highest number of records. This fact may be a reflection of the high human population density in this region, which would have favored the encounter of specimens and their sending to scientific collections and research centers. It is worth highlighting that most species with few specimens in the collections are also rarely observed in the wild, such as Clelia hussani and Urostrophus vautieri. This observation makes it feasible that these populations are small or that they are declining.

scholarly journals Changes in Human Population Density and Protected Areas in Terrestrial Global Biodiversity Hotspots, 1995–2015

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Cunningham ◽  
Karen Beazley
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Area Coverage ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Biodiversity hotspots are rich in endemic species and threatened by anthropogenic influences and, thus, considered priorities for conservation. In this study, conservation achievements in 36 global biodiversity hotspots (25 identified in 1988, 10 added in 2011, and one in 2016) were evaluated in relation to changes in human population density and protected area coverage between 1995 and 2015. Population densities were compared against 1995 global averages, and percentages of protected area coverage were compared against area-based targets outlined in Aichi target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (17% by 2020) and calls for half Earth (50%). The two factors (average population density and percent protected area coverage) for each hotspot were then plotted to evaluate relative levels of threat to biodiversity conservation. Average population densities in biodiversity hotspots increased by 36% over the 20-year period, and were double the global average. The protected area target of 17% is achieved in 19 of the 36 hotspots; the 17 hotspots where this target has not been met are economically disadvantaged areas as defined by Gross Domestic Product. In 2015, there are seven fewer hotspots (22 in 1995; 15 in 2015) in the highest threat category (i.e., population density exceeding global average, and protected area coverage less than 17%). In the lowest threat category (i.e., population density below the global average, and a protected area coverage of 17% or more), there are two additional hotspots in 2015 as compared to 1995, attributable to gains in protected area. Only two hotspots achieve a target of 50% protection. Although conservation progress has been made in most global biodiversity hotspots, additional efforts are needed to slow and/or reduce population density and achieve protected area targets. Such conservation efforts are likely to require more coordinated and collaborative initiatives, attention to biodiversity objectives beyond protected areas, and support from the global community.

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