scholarly journals Duty Factor Reflects Lower Limb Kinematics of Running

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8818
Author(s):  
Aurélien Patoz ◽  
Thibault Lussiana ◽  
Adrien Thouvenot ◽  
Laurent Mourot ◽  
Cyrille Gindre
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Duty Factor ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
The One ◽  
Kinematic Mechanisms ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics

The aim was to identify the differences in lower limb kinematics used by high (DFhigh) and low (DFlow) duty factor (DF) runners, particularly their sagittal plane (hip, knee, and ankle) joint angles and pelvis and foot segment angles during stance. Fifty-nine runners were divided in two DF groups based on their mean DF measured across a range of speeds. Temporal characteristics and whole-body three-dimensional kinematics of the running step were recorded from treadmill runs at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 km/h. Across speeds, DFhigh runners, which limit vertical displacement of the COM and promote forward propulsion, exhibited more lower limb flexion than DFlow during the ground contact time and were rearfoot strikers. On the contrary, DFlow runners used a more extended lower limb than DFhigh due to a stiffer leg and were midfoot and forefoot strikers. Therefore, two different lower limb kinematic mechanisms are involved in running and the one of an individual is reflected by the DF.

scholarly journals Estimating Lower Limb Kinematics Using a Lie Group Constrained Extended Kalman Filter with a Reduced Wearable IMU Count and Distance Measurements

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6829
Author(s):  
Luke Wicent F. Sy ◽  
Nigel H. Lovell ◽  
Stephen J. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Extended Kalman Filter ◽  
Lie Group ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Distance Measurements ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics

Tracking the kinematics of human movement usually requires the use of equipment that constrains the user within a room (e.g., optical motion capture systems), or requires the use of a conspicuous body-worn measurement system (e.g., inertial measurement units (IMUs) attached to each body segment). This paper presents a novel Lie group constrained extended Kalman filter to estimate lower limb kinematics using IMU and inter-IMU distance measurements in a reduced sensor count configuration. The algorithm iterates through the prediction (kinematic equations), measurement (pelvis height assumption/inter-IMU distance measurements, zero velocity update for feet/ankles, flat-floor assumption for feet/ankles, and covariance limiter), and constraint update (formulation of hinged knee joints and ball-and-socket hip joints). The knee and hip joint angle root-mean-square errors in the sagittal plane for straight walking were 7.6±2.6∘ and 6.6±2.7∘, respectively, while the correlation coefficients were 0.95±0.03 and 0.87±0.16, respectively. Furthermore, experiments using simulated inter-IMU distance measurements show that performance improved substantially for dynamic movements, even at large noise levels (σ=0.2 m). However, further validation is recommended with actual distance measurement sensors, such as ultra-wideband ranging sensors.

scholarly journals Mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament loading during dynamic motor tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Nasseri ◽  
David G Lloyd ◽  
Adam L Bryant ◽  
Jonathon Headrick ◽  
Timothy Sayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

AbstractThis study determined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) force and its contributors during a standardized drop-land-lateral jump task using a validated computational model. Healthy females (n=24) who were recreationally active performed drop-land-lateral jump and straight run tasks. Three-dimensional whole-body kinematics, ground reaction forces, and muscle activation patterns from eight lower limb muscles were collected concurrently during both tasks, but only the jump was analyzed computationally, with the run included for model calibration. External biomechanics, muscle-tendon unit kinematics, and muscle activation patterns were used to model lower limb muscle and ACL forces. Peak ACL force (2.3±0.5 BW) was observed at 13% of the stance phase during the drop-land-lateral jump task. The ACL force was primarily developed through the sagittal plane, and muscle was the dominant source of ACL loading. The gastrocnemii and quadriceps were main ACL antagonists (i.e., loaders), while hamstrings were the main ACL agonists (i.e., supporters).

Three-dimensional lower-limb kinematics during undulatory underwater swimming

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsuda ◽  
Masaki Kaneko ◽  
Yoshihisa Sakurai ◽  
Keita Akashi ◽  
Sengoku Yasuo
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics

Evaluating Lower Limb Kinematics Using Microsoft’s Kinect: A Simple, Novel Method

2021 ◽  
pp. e20200051
Author(s):  
Yaron Haimovich ◽  
Oded Hershkovich ◽  
Sigal Portnoy ◽  
Isabella Schwartz ◽  
Raphael Lotan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Microsoft Kinect ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics ◽  
Microsoft Kinect Sensor

Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate the Microsoft Kinect sensor (MKS) as a markerless system for motion capture and analysis of lower limb motion, compare it with a state-of-the-art marker-based system (MBS), and investigate its accuracy in simultaneously capturing several lower limb joint movements on several planes while participants walked freely. Method: Participants were asked to walk while gait data were simultaneously recorded by both the MKS and the MBS. Software for analysing the Kinect data stream was developed using Microsoft Visual Studio and Kinect for Windows software development kits. Visual three-dimensional (3D) C-Motion software was used to calculate 3D joint angles of the MBS. Deviation of the joint angles calculated by the two systems was calculated using root-mean-square error (RMSE) on the basis of a designated formula. Results: The calculated RMSE average was <5° between the two systems, a level of difference that has practically no clinical significance. Conclusions: Quantitative measurements of the joint angles of the knee and hip can be acquired using one MKS with some accuracy. The system can be advantageous for clinical use, at the pre- and post-treatment stages of rehabilitation, at significantly lower costs. Further evaluation of the MKS should be performed with larger study populations.

scholarly journals Stable Coordination Variability in Overground Walking and Running at Preferred and Fixed Speeds

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hannah E. Wyatt ◽  
Gillian Weir ◽  
Carl Jewell ◽  
Richard E.A. van Emmerik ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Overground Walking ◽  
Vector Coding ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics ◽  
Insufficient Number

Coordination variability (CV) is commonly analyzed to understand dynamical qualities of human locomotion. The purpose of this study was to develop guidelines for the number of trials required to inform the calculation of a stable mean lower limb CV during overground locomotion. Three-dimensional lower limb kinematics were captured for 10 recreational runners performing 20 trials each of preferred and fixed speed walking and running. Stance phase CV was calculated for 9 segment and joint couplings using a modified vector coding technique. The number of trials required to achieve a CV mean within 10% of 20 strides average was determined for each coupling and individual. The statistical outputs of mode (walking vs running) and speed (preferred vs fixed) were compared when informed by differing numbers of trials. A minimum of 11 trials were required for stable mean stance phase CV. With fewer than 11 trials, CV was underestimated and led to an oversight of significant differences between mode and speed. Future overground locomotion CV research in healthy populations using a vector coding approach should use 11 trials as a standard minimum. Researchers should be aware of the notable consequences of an insufficient number of trials for overall study findings.

scholarly journals The effects of ankle protectors on lower limb kinematics in male football players: a comparison to braced and unbraced ankles

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Graydon ◽  
D. Fewtrell ◽  
S. Atkins ◽  
J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Plane Motion ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Ankle Inversion ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics

Football (soccer) players have a high risk of injuring the lower extremities. To reduce the risk of ankle inversion injuries ankle braces can be worn. To reduce the risk of ankle contusion injuries ankle protectors can be utilised. However, athletes can only wear one of these devices at a time. The effects of ankle braces on stance limb kinematics has been extensively researched, however ankle protectors have had little attention. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of ankle protectors on lower extremity kinematics during the stance phase of jogging and compare them with braced and uncovered ankles. Twelve male participants ran at 3.4 m/s in three test conditions; ankle braces (BRACE), ankle protectors (PROTECTOR) and with uncovered ankles (WITHOUT). Stance phase kinematics were collected using an eight-camera motion capture system. Kinematic data between conditions were analysed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed that BRACE (absolute range of motion (ROM) = 10.72° and relative ROM = 10.26°) significantly (P<0.05) restricted the ankle in the coronal plane when compared to PROTECTOR (absolute ROM=13.44° and relative ROM =12.82°) and WITHOUT (absolute ROM=13.64° and relative ROM=13.10°). It was also found that both BRACE (peak dorsiflexion=17.02° and absolute ROM=38.34°) and PROTECTOR (peak dorsiflexion =18.46° and absolute ROM =40.15°) significantly (P<0.05) reduced sagittal plane motion when compared to WITHOUT (peak dorsiflexion =19.20° and absolute ROM =42.66°). Ankle protectors’ effects on lower limb kinematics closely resemble that of an unbraced ankle. Therefore, ankle protectors should only be used as a means to reduce risk of ankle contusion injuries and not implemented as a method to reduce the risk of ankle inversion injuries. Furthermore, the reductions found in sagittal plane motion of the ankle could possibly increase the bodies energy demand needed for locomotion when ankle protectors are utilised.

scholarly journals Kinematic Adaptations of Forward and Backward Walking on Land and in Water

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez ◽  
Raúl Arellano ◽  
Jos Vanrenterghem ◽  
Gracia López-Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Backward Walking ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Lower Limb Kinematics

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare sagittal plane lower limb kinematics during walking on land and submerged to the hip in water. Eight healthy adults (age 22.1 ± 1.1 years, body height 174.8 ± 7.1 cm, body mass 63.4 ± 6.2 kg) were asked to cover a distance of 10 m at comfortable speed with controlled step frequency, walking forward or backward. Sagittal plane lower limb kinematics were obtained from three dimensional video analysis to compare spatiotemporal gait parameters and joint angles at selected events using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Key findings were a reduced walking speed, stride length, step length and a support phase in water, and step length asymmetry was higher compared to the land condition (p<0.05). At initial contact, knees and hips were more flexed during walking forward in water, whilst, ankles were more dorsiflexed during walking backward in water. At final stance, knees and ankles were more flexed during forward walking, whilst the hip was more flexed during backward walking. These results show how walking in water differs from walking on land, and provide valuable insights into the development and prescription of rehabilitation and training programs.

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