scholarly journals Ion Selective Electrodes for Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Monitoring: Effects of Ionic Strength on Selective Ions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 3085
Author(s):  
Kyle McGaughy ◽  
Jay P. Wilhelm ◽  
M. Toufiq Reza
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
Electrode Performance ◽  
Relative Errors ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Ion selective electrodes (ISE) were evaluated for use in a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater monitoring system. Calcium, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite ISE’s were calibrated in a broad range of concentrations that were designed to model an actual FGD wastewater sample that was obtained from an industrial partner. Ideal Nernst, Modified Nernst, and a multiparameter regression analysis was performed for each electrode and evaluated on general fit and sensitivity at anticipated operating conditions. The Ideal Nernst equation, even with correction for ionic strength, was not able to properly model actual electrode performance. The multiparameter regression was able to model the electrode performance with relative errors of 10–25% when ionic strengths were below 0.1 M. Through the evaluation of real-time sensor usage at real conditions, a methodology of washing and sampling rate is suggested to minimize error in the readings.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Emission Reduction Strategy for Limestone Forced Oxidation Flue Gas Desulfurization System

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Moeen Uddin ◽  
Syed Muhammad Arafat ◽  
Waqar Muhammad Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Asim ◽  
Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Input Control ◽  
Network Process ◽  
Coal Power Plants ◽  
Forced Oxidation

Abstract The emissions from coal power plants have serious implication on the environment protection, and there is an increasing effort around the globe to control these emissions by the flue gas cleaning technologies. This research was carried out on the limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system installed at the 2*660 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant. Nine input variables of the FGD system: pH, inlet sulfur dioxide (SO2), inlet temperature, inlet nitrogen oxide (NOx), inlet O2, oxidation air, absorber slurry density, inlet humidity, and inlet dust were used for the development of effective neural network process models for a comprehensive emission analysis constituting outlet SO2, outlet Hg, outlet NOx, and outlet dust emissions from the LSFO FGD system. Monte Carlo experiments were conducted on the artificial neural network process models to investigate the relationships between the input control variables and output variables. Accordingly, optimum operating ranges of all input control variables were recommended. Operating the LSFO FGD system under optimum conditions, nearly 35% and 24% reduction in SO2 emissions are possible at inlet SO2 values of 1500 mg/m3 and 1800 mg/m3, respectively, as compared to general operating conditions. Similarly, nearly 42% and 28% reduction in Hg emissions are possible at inlet SO2 values of 1500 mg/m3 and 1800 mg/m3, respectively, as compared to general operating conditions. The findings are useful for minimizing the emissions from coal power plants and the development of optimum operating strategies for the LSFO FGD system.

scholarly journals Advanced and Intensified Seawater Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes: Recent Developments and Improvements

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Duc Long ◽  
Dong Young Lee ◽  
Kim Myung Jin ◽  
Kwag Choongyong ◽  
Lee Young Mok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Equipment Size

Seawater flue gas desulfurization (SWFGD) is considered to be a viable solution for coastal and naval applications; however, this process has several drawbacks, including its corrosive absorbent; low vapor loading capacity since the solubility of sulfur oxides (SOx) in seawater is lower than that of limestone used in conventional methods; high seawater flowrate; and large equipment size. This has prompted process industries to search for possible advanced and intensified configurations to enhance the performance of SWFGD processes to attain a higher vapor loading capacity, lower seawater flowrate, and smaller equipment size. This paper presents an overview of new developments as well as advanced and intensified configurations of SWFGD processes via process modifications such as modification and optimization of operating conditions, improvement of spray and vapor distributors, adding internal columns, using square or rectangular shape, using a pre-scrubber, multiple scrubber feed; process integration such as combined treatment of SOx and other gases, and waste heat recovery; and process intensification such as the use of electrified sprays, swirling gas flow, and rotating packed beds. A summary of the industrial applications, engineering issues, environmental impacts, challenges, and perspectives on the research and development of advanced and intensified SWFGD processes is presented.

Study of Mercury Re-Emission from Simulated Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Liquors

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2033-2037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ze Jiang ◽  
Chuan Min Chen ◽  
Li Xing Jiang ◽  
Song Tao Liu ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Mercury Control ◽  
Forced Oxidation ◽  
Reducing Substances

Hg2+captured by wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) systems can easily be reduced by reducing substances such as S(IV) (SO32-or HSO3-) and results in emissions of elemental mercury (Hg0). The re-emission of Hg0would lead to a damping of the total mercury removal efficiency by WFGD systems. The effects of the operating conditions, which included the pH, temperature, Cl-concentrations and oxygen concentrations, on Hg0re-emission from WFGD liquors was carried out. The experimental results indicated that the Hg0re-emission rate from WFGD liquors increased as the operational temperatures and pH values increased. The Hg0re-emission rates decreased as the O2concentration of flue gas and Cl-concentration of WFGD liquors increased. So the Hg0re-emission from WFGD system can be reduced or slowed by decreasing the temperature and pH, or by using forced oxidation. The present findings could be valuable for industrial application of characterizing and optimizing mercury control in WFGD systems.

Modeling and Simulation of Sulfur Dioxide Abatement with Ammonia Absorbent in the Spray Scrubber

2012 ◽  
Vol 599 ◽  
pp. 404-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Jia
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Desulfurization Process ◽  
Spray Scrubber ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
So2 Absorption ◽  
Gas Ratio ◽  
So2 Concentration

In this paper, a model of ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization system was developed to simulate the process of absorption of SO2 and oxidation of total sulfite. The influence of pH, liquid-gas ratio, flue gas velocity and SO2 concentration on the desulfurization process were analyzed. The calculated desulfurization efficiency of the ammonia-based WFGD system for 2×210 t•h-1 boilers unit in China were compared to that of corresponding measured ones. The results show that the simulated values agreed well with the measured values for the operating conditions of pH, liquid/gas ratio and SO2 concentration. Corresponding amount of air needed for oxidation of total sulfite formed in SO2 absorption process was also calculated.

scholarly journals Investigation on Mercury Reemission from Limestone-Gypsum Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Slurry

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanmin Chen ◽  
Songtao Liu ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
Yongchao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Mercury Removal ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Mercury Control ◽  
Partitioning Behavior

Secondary atmospheric pollutions may result from wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) systems caused by the reduction of Hg2+to Hg0and lead to a damping of the cobenefit mercury removal efficiency by WFGD systems. The experiment on Hg0reemission from limestone-gypsum WFGD slurry was carried out by changing the operating conditions such as the pH, temperature, Cl−concentrations, and oxygen concentrations. The partitioning behavior of mercury in the solid and liquid byproducts was also discussed. The experimental results indicated that the Hg0reemission rate from WFGD slurry increased as the operational temperatures and pH values increased. The Hg0reemission rates decreased as the O2concentration of flue gas and Cl−concentration of WFGD slurry increased. The concentrations of O2in flue gas have an evident effect on the mercury retention in the solid byproducts. The temperature and Cl−concentration have a slight effect on the mercury partitioning in the byproducts. No evident relation was found between mercury retention in the solid byproducts and the pH. The present findings could be valuable for industrial application of characterizing and optimizing mercury control in wet FGD systems.

Control of Hg0 Re-Emission from Simulated Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Liquors by Sodium Dithiocarbamate

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 1473-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Min Chen ◽  
Li Xing Jiang ◽  
Song Tao Liu ◽  
Yu Ze Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Mercury Removal ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Secondary atmospheric pollutions may result from wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) systems caused by the reduction of Hg2+to Hg0and lead to a damping of the co-benefit mercury removal efficiency by WFGD systems. The effects of the operating conditions, which included the pH, temperature, and oxygen concentrations, on Hg0re-emission inhibition efficiency by DTCR from WFGD liquors was carried out. The established data reflected an outstanding performance on the Hg0re-emission inhibition from the simulated WFGD liquors by adding DTCR. Our data suggested that a concentration of 0.0005% (v/v) was enough for Hg0re-emission inhibition in the simulated WFGD liquors. The results also indicated that the Hg0re-emission inhibition efficiency by adding DTCR decreased as the operational temperatures increased and the Hg0re-emission inhibition efficiency increased as pH values and the oxygen concentration in the flue gas increased. The present findings could be valuable for industrial application of DTCR as a precipitant for stabilizing dissolved Hg2+to prevent re-emission of Hg0in WFGD solutions.

The Formation of Manganous Dithionate in the Manganese Oxide Flue Gas Desulfurization

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-295
Author(s):  
Pengyan Pu ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Xia Jiang ◽  
Wenju Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Manganese Ore ◽  
Gaseous Oxygen ◽  
Electrolytic Manganese ◽  
Desulfurization Process ◽  
Manganese Compounds

Background & Objective: The Manganous Dithionate (MnS2O6, MD) was formed during the flue gas desulfurization process over manganese ore slurry, which impeded the following valuable using of the desulfurized lixivium. In this study, the MD formation and restraint in the desulfurization process using manganese was carefully investigated. Methods & Results: Different type of manganese oxides/carbonate was used for the flue gas desulfurization, and the MD formation with the process was detected to obtain the basic information of the MD formation and restraint. The MD was directly formed by the uncompleted oxidation of SO2 with MnO2. The increased MD formation by Mn2O3, Mn3O4 and MnCO3 was due to their influence on the pH of slurry. Processability study showed that an increase in the acidity of slurry, the gaseous oxygen content and reaction temperature could inhibit the MD formation effectively. The optimum operating conditions to restrain the MD formation were temperature higher than 60°C, 10% or more oxygen and slurry pH lower than 3. The formed MD content was different with the different manganese compounds, which cloud be controlled by the ore-proportioning in industrial application. Conclusion: Using anolyte to prepare the manganese slurry for desulfurization could perform a good MD formation restraint, which provided valuable technical support for the cleaner production of electrolytic manganese industry.

In-Furnace Sulfur Capture by Co-Firing Coal With Alkali-Based Sorbents

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Rokni ◽  
Hsun Hsien Chi ◽  
Yiannis A. Levendis
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Sulfur Oxide ◽  
Drop Tube ◽  
Coal Particles

Over the last quarter of a century, since the 1990 US Clean Air Act Amendments were enacted the gaseous sulfur emission, in the form of sulfur dioxide, have been reduced [1] by a factor of 4, by switching to lower sulfur content coals, installation of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) sorbents or switching altogether to natural gas as a fuel. Penetration of alternative energy generation also has had a positive impact. However, current emissions of sulfur dioxide are still voluminous, amounting to 3,242,000 short tons annually in the USA [2]. As wet flue gas desulfurization is both real-estate- and capital-intensive, infurnace dry sorbent injection has been considered over the years to be a viable alternative. However there is still uncertainty on the best selection of the sorbents for particular coals and furnace operating conditions. This is particularly the case when it is economically attractive for the power-plant operator to burn locally-sourced high-sulfur coal, such as the case of Illinois bituminous coals. This manuscript presents experimental results on the reduction of sulfur oxide emissions from combustion of a high-sulfur content pulverized bituminous coal (Illinois #6 Macoupin). The coal particles were in the size range of 90–125 μm and were blended with dry calcium-, sodium-, potassium-, and magnesium-containing powdered sorbents at different proportions. The alkali/S molar ratios were chosen to be at stoichiometric proportions (Ca/S = 1, Mg/S = 1, Na2/S = 2, and K2/S = 2) and the effectiveness of each alkali or alkali earth based sorbent was evaluated separately. Combustion of coal took place in a drop-tube furnace, electrically-heated to 1400 K under fuel-lean conditions. The evolution of combustion effluent gases, such as NOx, SO2 and CO2 were monitored and compared among the different sorbent cases. The use of these sorbents helps to resolve the potential of different alkali metals for effective in-furnace sulfur oxide capture and possible NOx reduction. It also assesses the effectiveness of various chemical compounds of the alkalis, such as oxides, carbonates, peroxides and acetates.

Could biomass-fueled boilers be operated at higher steam temperatures? Part 3: Initial analysis of costs and benefits

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.B.A. (SANDY) SHARP ◽  
W.J. JIM FREDERICK ◽  
JAMES R. KEISER ◽  
DOUGLAS L. SINGBEIL
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Steam Generation ◽  
Fireside Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Resistant

The efficiencies of biomass-fueled power plants are much lower than those of coal-fueled plants because they restrict their exit steam temperatures to inhibit fireside corrosion of superheater tubes. However, restricting the temperature of a given mass of steam produced by a biomass boiler decreases the amount of power that can be generated from this steam in the turbine generator. This paper examines the relationship between the temperature of superheated steam produced by a boiler and the quantity of power that it can generate. The thermodynamic basis for this relationship is presented, and the value of the additional power that could be generated by operating with higher superheated steam temperatures is estimated. Calculations are presented for five plants that produce both steam and power. Two are powered by black liquor recovery boilers and three by wood-fired boilers. Steam generation parameters for these plants were supplied by industrial partners. Calculations using thermodynamics-based plant simulation software show that the value of the increased power that could be generated in these units by increasing superheated steam temperatures 100°C above current operating conditions ranges between US$2,410,000 and US$11,180,000 per year. The costs and benefits of achieving higher superheated steam conditions in an individual boiler depend on local plant conditions and the price of power. However, the magnitude of the increased power that can be generated by increasing superheated steam temperatures is so great that it appears to justify the cost of corrosion-mitigation methods such as installing corrosion-resistant materials costing far more than current superheater alloys; redesigning biomassfueled boilers to remove the superheater from the flue gas path; or adding chemicals to remove corrosive constituents from the flue gas. The most economic pathways to higher steam temperatures will very likely involve combinations of these methods. Particularly attractive approaches include installing more corrosion-resistant alloys in the hottest superheater locations, and relocating the superheater from the flue gas path to an externally-fired location or to the loop seal of a circulating fluidized bed boiler.

URANUS 52N

Alloy Digest ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Crevice Corrosion ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Aisi Type ◽  
Better Than

Abstract URANUS 52N is a nitrogen-alloyed duplex stainless steel improved in stress-corrosion cracking resistance and with pitting and crevice corrosion resistance better than AISI Type 317L. Applications include handling phosphoric acid contaminated with chlorides and in flue gas desulfurization scrubbers. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-566. Producer or source: Creusot-Marrel.

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