scholarly journals Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications

Batteries ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Dai ◽  
Jarod C. Kelly ◽  
Linda Gaines ◽  
Michael Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Battery Life

In light of the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the global vehicle market, understanding the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that characterize the EVs is key to sustainable EV deployment. This study analyzes the cradle-to-gate total energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, SOx, NOx, PM10 emissions, and water consumption associated with current industrial production of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) batteries, with the battery life cycle analysis (LCA) module in the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model, which was recently updated with primary data collected from large-scale commercial battery material producers and automotive LIB manufacturers. The results show that active cathode material, aluminum, and energy use for cell production are the major contributors to the energy and environmental impacts of NMC batteries. However, this study also notes that the impacts could change significantly, depending on where in the world the battery is produced, and where the materials are sourced. In an effort to harmonize existing LCAs of automotive LIBs and guide future research, this study also lays out differences in life cycle inventories (LCIs) for key battery materials among existing LIB LCA studies, and identifies knowledge gaps.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

scholarly journals Use-Phase Drives Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle Environmental Impacts When Used for Frequency Regulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (17) ◽  
pp. 10163-10174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Ryan ◽  
Yashen Lin ◽  
Noah Mitchell-Ward ◽  
Johanna L. Mathieu ◽  
Jeremiah X. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Use Phase

Environmental impact, life cycle analysis and battery performance of upcycled carbon anodes

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1237-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Hicks ◽  
Arthur D. Dysart ◽  
Vilas G. Pol
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Graphite Anodes ◽  
Synthetic Graphite ◽  
Carbon Anodes ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

For rechargeable lithium ion batteries, natural and synthetic graphite anodes come with great economic and environmental costs.

Life-Cycle Analysis of Production and Recycling of Lithium Ion Batteries

2011 ◽  
Vol 2252 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Gaines ◽  
John Sullivan ◽  
Andrew Burnham ◽  
Ilias Belharouak
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion

scholarly journals Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Lithium Ion Batteries in the Automotive Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4628
Author(s):  
Rosario Tolomeo ◽  
Giovanni De Feo ◽  
Renata Adami ◽  
Libero Sesti Osséo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Automotive Sector ◽  
Transportation Sector

This study is a critical review of the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to lithium ion batteries in the automotive sector. The aim of this study is to identify the crucial points of the analysis and the results achieved until now in this field. In the first part of the study, a selection of papers is reviewed. In the second part of the study, a methodological approach to LCA is adopted to make clear the strengths and weaknesses of this analysis method. The lack of primary data is a crucial concern. Even if the cradle-to-grave approach is the most chosen system boundary, further scientific contribution to the life cycle inventory phase is necessary. It is likely that the more the electric vehicle becomes widespread, the more data will be accessible. Many authors have not specified the chemistry of the used batteries (5% of the studies), the software tool used (30%) or the functional unit used (17%) and, consequently, their obtained results can be questionable. However, even with the aforementioned limitations, the performed review allows us to point out the potential of electric vehicles and lithium ion batteries to reduce the overall contribution of the transportation sector to GHG emissions.

Environmental life cycle modelling of the production and use of lithium-ion batteries utilising novel electrode chemistries in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Kallitsis ◽  
Anna Korre ◽  
Geoff Kelsall ◽  
Magdalena Kupfersberger ◽  
Zhenggang Nie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
Composite Anodes

The electrification of transport systems is essential for improved city air quality and reduced noise, may also contribute to enhanced energy security and decreased greenhouse gas emissions. The key enabler of the large-scale uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) are improved lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offering higher mass specific energies, volumetric energy densities, potential differences and energy efficiencies. Most LIBs used in automotive applications combine nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) oxide cathodes with graphite (Gr) anodes intercalating lithium ions from organic electrolyte solutions of lithium salts. Two widely reported modifications include increasing the nickel content in cathodes and introducing silicon-graphite (SiGr) composite anodes, enabling increased energy storage capacities. This paper reports on the development of a detailed unit process-based Life Cycle Inventory model, built to assess the production of current and future NCM batteries in China. The definition of the studied product system and LCI model is followed by the introduction of four different battery production scenarios, which were developed to assess the impacts of producing batteries in China, study the introduction of silicon in anodes and examine the effects of two novel cathode chemistries with increased nickel content (NCM622, NCM811). A detailed presentation of the production phase impacts is provided, based on the ReCiPe 1.08 Midpoint characterisation method. The production phase analysis is complemented by the development of a gate-to-gate model, assessing the environmental impact of using a LIB in a passenger vehicle in China.

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