scholarly journals Episodic Memory Encoding and Retrieval in Face-Name Paired Paradigm: An fNIRS Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 951
Author(s):  
Qian Yu ◽  
Boris Cheval ◽  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
Fabian Herold ◽  
Chetwyn C. H. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Brodmann Areas ◽  
Parietal Cortices ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

Background: Episodic memory (EM) is particularly sensitive to pathological conditions and aging. In a neurocognitive context, the paired-associate learning (PAL) paradigm, which requires participants to learn and recall associations between stimuli, has been used to measure EM. The present study aimed to explore whether functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can be employed to determine cortical activity underlying encoding and retrieval. Moreover, we examined whether and how different aspects of task (i.e., novelty, difficulty) affects those cortical activities. Methods: Twenty-two male college students (age: M = 20.55, SD = 1.62) underwent a face-name PAL paradigm under 40-channel fNIRS covering fronto-parietal and middle occipital regions. Results: A decreased activity during encoding in a broad network encompassing the bilateral frontal cortex (Brodmann areas 9, 11, 45, and 46) was observed during the encoding, while an increased activity in the left orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann area 11) was observed during the retrieval. Increased HbO concentration in the superior parietal cortices and decreased HbO concentration in the inferior parietal cortices were observed during encoding while dominant activation of left PFC was found during retrieval only. Higher task difficulty was associated with greater neural activity in the bilateral prefrontal cortex and higher task novelty was associated with greater activation in occipital regions. Conclusion: Combining the PAL paradigm with fNIRS provided the means to differentiate neural activity characterising encoding and retrieval. Therefore, the fNIRS may have the potential to complete EM assessments in clinical settings.

Whole-Brain fMRI during Paired-Associate Learning: Neuronal Correlates of Encoding and Retrieval in Episodic Memory

NeuroImage ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. S842
Author(s):  
FM Mottaghy ◽  
BJ Krause ◽  
NJ Shah ◽  
D Schmidt ◽  
L Jäncke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Brain Fmri ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

scholarly journals A Review of Hyperscanning and Its Use in Virtual Environments

Informatics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Amit Barde ◽  
Ihshan Gumilar ◽  
Ashkan F. Hayati ◽  
Arindam Dey ◽  
Gun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Remote Collaboration ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Interaction Domain ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Research Domains

Hyperscanning is a technique which simultaneously records the neural activity of two or more people. This is done using one of several neuroimaging methods, such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The use of hyperscanning has seen a dramatic rise in recent years to monitor social interactions between two or more people. Similarly, there has been an increase in the use of virtual reality (VR) for collaboration, and an increase in the frequency of social interactions being carried out in virtual environments (VE). In light of this, it is important to understand how interactions function within VEs, and how they can be enhanced to improve their quality in a VE. In this paper, we present some of the work that has been undertaken in the field of social neuroscience, with a special emphasis on hyperscanning. We also cover the literature detailing the work that has been carried out in the human–computer interaction domain that addresses remote collaboration. Finally, we present a way forward where these two research domains can be combined to explore how monitoring the neural activity of a group of participants in VE could enhance collaboration among them.

scholarly journals Neural synchrony predicts children’s learning of novel words

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise A. Piazza ◽  
Ariella Cohen ◽  
Juliana Trach ◽  
Casey Lew-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Neural Synchrony ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Children’S Learning ◽  
Novel Words ◽  
Children's Learning

AbstractSocial interactions have a well-studied influence on early development and language learning. Recent work has begun to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie shared representations of input, documenting neural synchrony or coupling (measured using intersubject temporal correlations of neural activity) between individuals exposed to the same stimulus. Neural synchrony has been found to predict the quality of engagement with a stimulus and with communicative cues, but studies have yet to address how neural synchrony among children may relate to real-time learning. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we recorded the neural activity of 45 children (3.5-4.5 years) during joint book reading with an adult experimenter. The custom children’s book contained four novel words and objects embedded in an unfolding story, as well as a range of narrative details about object functions and character roles. We observed synchronized neural activity between child participants during book reading and found a positive correlation between learning and intersubject neural synchronization in parietal cortex, an area implicated in narrative-level processing in adult research. Our findings suggest that children’s learning is facilitated by active neural engagement with the dynamics of natural social input.

scholarly journals Reforming Sectarian Beliefs in Iraq: Winning the Peace

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. p8
Author(s):  
Michael Oler ◽  
Anthony Johnson ◽  
Anna McCulloh ◽  
Munqith Dagher ◽  
Anita Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Imaging Device ◽  
Neural Imaging ◽  
The Right

Sectarian violence continues in Iraq affecting regional and world security. Neuroscience techniques are used to assess the mentalizing process and counter-arguing in response to videos designed to prevent extremist radicalization. Measurement of neural activity in brain Regions of Interest (ROI) assists identification of messages which can promote favorable behavior. Activation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) is associated with message adoption and behavior change. Public Service Announcements (PSAs) have not been effective in reducing violence in Iraq. This study demonstrates that the four PSAs investigated in this study do not activate the MPFC. The RLPFC is a brain ROI associated with counter-arguing and message resistance. This study demonstrates that reduction in activity in the Right Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (RLPFC) is associated with decreased sectarianism. Engagement was measured and is associated with activity in the frontal pole regions.We introduce Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure the neural activity of highly sectarian Iraqis in response to these anti-sectarian messages. Neural activity was measured while viewing three PSAs and a fourth unpublished video. All four videos are intended to reduce sectarianism. A novel sectarianism scale is introduced to measure sectarian beliefs before and after the messages. This sectarian scale has high internal consistency as measured by Cronbach’s alpha. Measured activation of brain ROIs are correlated with changes in the sectarian scale. Twelve Sunni and twelve Shi’a Iraqis participated in the study. Subjects were shown the four videos in randomized order, while equipped with a fNIRS neural imaging device. All four videos produced significant engagement. None of the videos reduced sectarianism nor caused brain activation of adoption. This is consistent with the widely held Iraqi public perception that the PSAs are ineffective. Only one video, which was un-published, caused reduced sectarian beliefs. This un-published fourth video was associated with decreased counter-arguing. Counter-arguing is associated with message resistance.

scholarly journals Prefrontal activation related to spontaneous creativity with rock music improvisation: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsumichi Tachibana ◽  
J. Adam Noah ◽  
Yumie Ono ◽  
Daisuke Taguchi ◽  
Shuichi Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Abstract Understanding how the brain modulates improvisation has been the focus of numerous studies in recent years. Models have suggested regulation of activity between default mode and executive control networks play a role in improvisational execution. Several studies comparing formulaic to improvised sequences support this framework and document increases in activity in medial frontal lobe with decreased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These patterns can be influenced through training and neural responses may differ between in beginner and expert musicians. Our goal was to test the generalizability of this framework and determine similarity in neural activity in the prefrontal cortex during improvisation. Twenty guitarists performed improvised and formulaic sequences in a blues rock format while brain activity was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results indicate similar modulation in DLPFC as seen previously. Specific decreases of activity from left DLPFC in the end compared to beginning or middle of improvised sequences were also found. Despite the range of skills of participants, we also found significant correlation between subjective feelings of improvisational performance and modulation in left DLPFC. Processing of subjective feelings regardless of skill may contribute to neural modulation and may be a factor in understanding neural activity during improvisation.

scholarly journals Interpersonal Agreement and Disagreement During Face-to-Face Dialogue: An fNIRS Investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Hirsch ◽  
Mark Tiede ◽  
Xian Zhang ◽  
J. Adam Noah ◽  
Alexandre Salama-Manteau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Increased Activity

Although the neural systems that underlie spoken language are well-known, how they adapt to evolving social cues during natural conversations remains an unanswered question. In this work we investigate the neural correlates of face-to-face conversations between two individuals using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and acoustical analyses of concurrent audio recordings. Nineteen pairs of healthy adults engaged in live discussions on two controversial topics where their opinions were either in agreement or disagreement. Participants were matched according to their a priori opinions on these topics as assessed by questionnaire. Acoustic measures of the recorded speech including the fundamental frequency range, median fundamental frequency, syllable rate, and acoustic energy were elevated during disagreement relative to agreement. Consistent with both the a priori opinion ratings and the acoustic findings, neural activity associated with long-range functional networks, rather than the canonical language areas, was also differentiated by the two conditions. Specifically, the frontoparietal system including bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus showed increased activity while talking during disagreement. In contrast, talking during agreement was characterized by increased activity in a social and attention network including right supramarginal gyrus, bilateral frontal eye-fields, and left frontopolar regions. Further, these social and visual attention networks were more synchronous across brains during agreement than disagreement. Rather than localized modulation of the canonical language system, these findings are most consistent with a model of distributed and adaptive language-related processes including cross-brain neural coupling that serves dynamic verbal exchanges.

Activity in the right frontal cortex is dependent on inhibitory-demand: a functional near infrared spectroscopy study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason He ◽  
Genevieve Steiner ◽  
Jack Fogarty ◽  
Nathan Nuzum ◽  
Miki Finch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectroscopy Study ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Increased Activity

The ability to supress inappropriate or unwanted behaviour, known as inhibition, can be indexed using a variety of task paradigms, one of the more common being the Go/No-go task. Studies in which popular neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) were used to measure neural activity during participant performance of the Go/No-go task have often identified ‘inhibitory-related’ activity in the right prefrontal cortex (PFC). While studies using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have also identified changes in activity in the right PFC, the variants of the Go/No-go tasks previously employed in those studies have made it difficult to be confident that those changes measured using fNIRS were specifically related to inhibition. To determine whether the change in activity identified in the right PFC with fNIRS by previous studies using the Go/No-go task were indeed related to inhibition, we had participants complete three conditions of the Go/No-go task, each with varying levels of inhibitory demand (manipulated by the relative frequency of Go to No-go trials). We found that as Go-trial frequency increased, participants performed faster on Go-trials and less accurately on No-go trials. More importantly, as inhibitory-demand increased, activity in the right but not left PFC increased. When taken together, these findings are in support of the idea that the changes measured in the right PFC in earlier studies using fNIRS during the Go/No-go task were indeed related to inhibition.

scholarly journals Training-related activation increase in the parietal cortex in children with developmental dyscalculia: An fNIRS study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Soltanlou ◽  
Thomas Dresler ◽  
Christina Artemenko ◽  
David Rosenbaum ◽  
Ann-Christine Ehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Complex Multiplication ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Developmental Dyscalculia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parietal Cortices ◽  
Strategy Changes

Children with developmental dyscalculia (DD) differ from typically developing (TD) children regarding brain activation. While arithmetic training reduces fronto-temporo-parietal activation related to domain-general processes in TD children, we do not know whether these findings also hold for children with DD. Since children with DD are one main target group for intervention and remediation, it is essential to know how arithmetic training that improves arithmetic performance induces brain activation changes in these children. In a within-participant design, a group of 20 children with DD underwent two weeks of training in simple and complex multiplication. Brain activation was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) before and after training to assess training-related changes. Two weeks of training led to increased temporo-parietal activation for trained versus untrained simple multiplication. For both trained and untrained complex multiplication, widespread increases in activation were observed in frontal, parietal, and temporo-parietal cortices. Interestingly, training-specific activation increases were observed only in the bilateral parietal cortex, but not in the other regions. These brain activation changes were more robust in younger children. We conclude that in contradiction to the training-related brain activation decreases seen in studies of TD children, children with DD showed improved behavioral performance along with increased brain activation. Therefore, using neuroimaging techniques such as fNIRS on children with DD provided valuable insights about strategy changes and the neural networks involved in mental arithmetic.

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