scholarly journals Domain-Specific Expectations in Music Segmentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Silva ◽  
Carolina Dias ◽  
São Luís Castro
Keyword(s):  
Natural Speech ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Speech Prosody ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Instruction Group ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli

The acoustic cues that guide the assignment of phrase boundaries in music (pauses and pitch movements) overlap with those that are known for speech prosody. Based on this, researchers have focused on highlighting the similarities and neural resources shared between music and speech prosody segmentation. The possibility that music-specific expectations add to acoustic cues in driving the segmentation of music into phrases could weaken this bottom-up view, but it remains underexplored. We tested for domain-specific expectations in music segmentation by comparing the segmentation of the same set of ambiguous stimuli under two different instructions: stimuli were either presented as speech prosody or as music. We measured how segmentation differed, in each instruction group, from a common reference (natural speech); thus, focusing on how instruction affected delexicalization effects (natural speech vs. transformed versions with no phonetic content) on segmentation. We saw interactions between delexicalization and instruction on most segmentation indices, suggesting that there is a music mode, different from a speech prosody mode in segmentation. Our findings highlight the importance of top-down influences in segmentation, and they contribute to rethinking the analogy between music and speech prosody.

scholarly journals Switching perception of musical meters by listening to different acoustic cues of biphasic sound stimulus.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotaro Kondoh ◽  
Kazuo Okanoya ◽  
Ryosuke O Tachibana
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Core ◽  
Entire Structure ◽  
Core Features

Meter is one of the core features of music perception. It is the cognitive grouping of regular sound sequences, typically for every 2, 3, or 4 beats. Previous studies have suggested that one can not only passively perceive the meter from acoustic cues such as loudness, pitch, and duration of sound elements, but also actively perceive it by paying attention to isochronous sound events without any acoustic cues. Studying the interaction of top-down and bottom-up processing in meter perception leads to understanding the cognitive system’s ability to perceive the entire structure of music. The present study aimed to demonstrate that meter perception requires the top-down process (which maintains and switches attention between cues) as well as the bottom-up process for discriminating acoustic cues. We created a “biphasic” sound stimulus, which consists of successive tone sequences designed to provide cues for both the triple and quadruple meters in different sound attributes, frequency, and duration, and measured how participants perceived meters from the stimulus in a five-point scale (ranged from “strongly triple” to “strongly quadruple”). Participants were asked to focus on differences in frequency and duration. We found that well-trained participants perceived different meters by switching their attention to specific cues, while untrained participants did not. This result provides evidence for the idea that meter perception involves the interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes, which training can facilitate.

scholarly journals Switching perception of musical meters by listening to different acoustic cues of biphasic sound stimulus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256712
Author(s):  
Sotaro Kondoh ◽  
Kazuo Okanoya ◽  
Ryosuke O. Tachibana
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Core ◽  
Entire Structure ◽  
Core Features

Meter is one of the core features of music perception. It is the cognitive grouping of regular sound sequences, typically for every 2, 3, or 4 beats. Previous studies have suggested that one can not only passively perceive the meter from acoustic cues such as loudness, pitch, and duration of sound elements, but also actively perceive it by paying attention to isochronous sound events without any acoustic cues. Studying the interaction of top-down and bottom-up processing in meter perception leads to understanding the cognitive system’s ability to perceive the entire structure of music. The present study aimed to demonstrate that meter perception requires the top-down process (which maintains and switches attention between cues) as well as the bottom-up process for discriminating acoustic cues. We created a “biphasic” sound stimulus, which consists of successive tone sequences designed to provide cues for both the triple and quadruple meters in different sound attributes, frequency, and duration. Participants were asked to focus on either frequency or duration of the stimulus, and to answer how they perceived meters on a five-point scale (ranged from “strongly triple” to “strongly quadruple”). As a result, we found that participants perceived different meters by switching their attention to specific cues. This result adds evidence to the idea that meter perception involves the interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes.

scholarly journals Increased reliance on top-down information to compensate for reduced bottom-up use of acoustic cues in dyslexia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadeer Derawi ◽  
Eva Reinisch ◽  
Yafit Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
High Cognitive Demand ◽  
Phoneme Categorization

AbstractSpeech recognition is a complex human behavior in the course of which listeners must integrate the detailed phonetic information present in the acoustic signal with their general linguistic knowledge. It is commonly assumed that this process occurs effortlessly for most people, but it is still unclear whether this also holds true in the case of developmental dyslexia (DD), a condition characterized by perceptual deficits. In the present study, we used a dual-task setting to test the assumption that speech recognition is effortful for people with DD. In particular, we tested the Ganong effect (i.e., lexical bias on phoneme identification) while participants performed a secondary task of either low or high cognitive demand. We presumed that reduced efficiency in perceptual processing in DD would manifest in greater modulation in the performance of primary task by cognitive load. Results revealed that this was indeed the case. We found a larger Ganong effect in the DD group under high than under low cognitive load, and this modulation was larger than it was for typically developed (TD) readers. Furthermore, phoneme categorization was less precise in the DD group than in the TD group. These findings suggest that individuals with DD show increased reliance on top-down lexically mediated perception processes, possibly as a compensatory mechanism for reduced efficiency in bottom-up use of acoustic cues. This indicates an imbalance between bottom-up and top-down processes in speech recognition of individuals with DD.

scholarly journals ENRICHMENT AND POPULATION OF A GEOSPATIAL ONTOLOGY FOR SEMANTIC INFORMATION EXTRACTION

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4 ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kokla ◽  
V. Papadias ◽  
E. Tomai
Keyword(s):  
Information Extraction ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Geospatial Ontology

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The massive amount of user-generated content available today presents a new challenge for the geospatial domain and a great opportunity to delve into linguistic, semantic, and cognitive aspects of geographic information. Ontology-based information extraction is a new, prominent field in which a domain ontology guides the extraction process and the identification of pre-defined concepts, properties, and instances from natural language texts. The paper describes an approach for enriching and populating a geospatial ontology using both a top-down and a bottom-up approach in order to enable semantic information extraction. The top-down approach is applied in order to incorporate knowledge from existing ontologies. The bottom-up approach is applied in order to enrich and populate the geospatial ontology with semantic information (concepts, relations, and instances) extracted from domain-specific web content.</p>

scholarly journals Analyzing the Contribution of Top-Down Lexical and Bottom-Up Acoustic Cues in the Detection of Sentence Prominence

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofoklis Kakouros ◽  
Joris Pelemans ◽  
Lyan Verwimp ◽  
Patrick Wambacq ◽  
Okko Räsänen
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

scholarly journals Top Down or Bottom Up? Evidence From the Longitudinal Development of Global and Domain-Specific Self-Esteem in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Rentzsch ◽  
Michela Schröder-Abé
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Practical Implications

Classical theoretical perspectives have implied that either global self-esteem has an impact on domain-specific self-esteem (top-down) or domain-specific self-esteem affects global self-esteem (bottom-up). The goal of the present research was to investigate whether classical top-down and bottom-up approaches could withstand a thorough test. To do so, we applied elaborate analytical methods in a 4-wave longitudinal study across 6 years with preregistered hypotheses and data analyses. We analyzed data from N = 1,417 German participants (30.6% men, median of 12 to 13 years of education) with an average age of 47.0 years (SD = 12.4, Range 18 to 88) at intake. Analyses using latent variable approaches for modeling intraindividual change provided evidence of top-down effects only. For example, participants with higher global self-esteem exhibited an increase in performance self-esteem but not vice versa. Our results also provided evidence of “vertical” associations between global and domain-specific self-esteem, that is, parallel development within the same time frame. In addition, the analyses revealed high rank order stability and a substantial trait component in global self-esteem and the self-esteem domains. The present findings have important theoretical and practical implications for the stability and development of self-esteem in adulthood and advance the understanding of global and domain-specific self-esteem in personality theory.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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