Time is on My Side—or Is It? Assessing How Perceived Control of Time and Procrastination Influence Emotional Exhaustion on the Job

The job demands–control model (JDC) postulates that an increased control over work resources mitigates or “buffers” the positive association between job stressors and strainers. However, the inconclusive validation of the buffering hypothesis across multiple studies suggests the need for fresh approaches, both conceptual and methodological. We integrated aspects of the JDC framework and time management process models to construct a model that tested both the direct and indirect effects of the perceived control of time (PCT) on emotional exhaustion arising from workload demands. Furthermore, we tested whether procrastination tendencies moderated the benefits of PCT on work stressors and strains. Data were collected in an Internet survey with 356 US adult office workers obtained from Prolific. The results supported the buffering effect of PCT on emotional exhaustion. PCT both mediated and exerted direct effects on the relationship between workload and emotional exhaustion. Procrastination tendencies moderated PCT and, in turn, undermined high PCT ability to reduce emotional exhaustion. Overall, the findings suggested that giving workers more control over their time may reduce stress associated with demanding workloads. However, chronic procrastinators may benefit less from having more control over time resources if they are not provided with tools to help them self-regulate more effectively.

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Does perceived manager support reduce hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion? The mediating role of control over time and negative emotions

International Hospitality Review ◽

10.1108/ihr-03-2021-0024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Han Chen ◽

Yvette Green ◽

Kim Williams

Keyword(s):

Emotional Exhaustion ◽

Perceived Control ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Manager Support ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

PurposeSupervisory employees in the hotel industry experience high levels of emotional exhaustion. The current study aims to examine the impact of perceived manager support, perceived control over time and negative emotions at others on hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. It further investigates the mediating role of perceived control over time and negative emotions at others on the relationship between perceived manager support and hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion.Design/methodology/approachPaper questionnaires were distributed at a hotel supervisor training seminar. A total of 155 usable responses were collected from hotel supervisors. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used for hypotheses testing.FindingsResults showed that perceived manager support and perceived control over time both were negatively associated with hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. Negative emotions at others were positively related to hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. Both perceived control over time and negative emotions at others were found to mediate the relationship between perceived manager support and hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion.Originality/valueThe study applied the job demand–resources model and the affective event theory to examine hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. The mediating role of perceived control over time and negative emotions at others added to the current knowledge of factors that are associated with hotel supervisory employees' emotional exhaustion.

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The role of personal resources in the relationship between job stressors and emotional exhaustion

Polish Journal of Applied Psychology ◽

10.1515/pjap-2015-0058 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 133-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Szczygieł ◽

Łukasz Baka

Keyword(s):

Emotional Intelligence ◽

Emotional Exhaustion ◽

Job Stressors ◽

Main Hypothesis ◽

Interpersonal Conflicts ◽

Face To Face ◽

Affective Traits ◽

Organizational Constraints ◽

The Relationship

AbstractOur study was designed to examine an individuals’ affective traits (i.e., dispositional affectivity and emotional intelligence) and job stressors (i.e., interpersonal conflicts, quantitative workload and organizational constraints) on emotional exhaustion. One hundred and fifty-three employees participated in our study. All of them worked in teams and their job required face-to-face contacts with clients. Our main hypothesis was that emotional intelligence acts as a moderator in the relationship between job stressors and emotional exhaustion. The results indicate that employees who report more interpersonal conflicts at work, greater quantitative workloads and greater organizational constraints also report more symptoms of emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the results show that all three stressors were significant as predictors of emotional exhaustion beyond the employee’s dispositional affectivity. The moderating effect of emotional intelligence was observed in the relationship between interpersonal conflicts at work and emotional exhaustion. The relationship between interpersonal conflicts and emotional exhaustion was observed only among employees who were low in emotional intelligence. In contrast, interpersonal conflicts and emotional exhaustion were unrelated among employees who were high in emotional intelligence. The results are discussed from the Job Demands–Resources model perspective.

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Examining the frustration-aggression model among Tunisian blue-collar workers

Journal of Managerial Psychology ◽

10.1108/jmp-06-2013-0192 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 336-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Narjes Sassi ◽

Assâad El Akremi ◽

Christian Vandenberghe

Keyword(s):

Perceived Stress ◽

Emotional Exhaustion ◽

Workplace Aggression ◽

Blue Collar ◽

Work Stressors ◽

External Locus ◽

Content Type ◽

Interpersonal Conflicts ◽

Blue Collar Workers ◽

The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the links between work stressors, perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, and workplace aggression, using the traits of negative affectivity and external locus of control as individual moderators. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using a survey questionnaire among 477 blue-collar workers from a Tunisian manufacturing company. Findings – Results indicate that perceived stress mediates a positive relationship between work stressors (quantitative workload, role ambiguity, and interpersonal conflicts) and emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the relationship between quantitative workload and interpersonal conflicts and perceived stress is stronger among individuals with high levels of negative affectivity. Similarly, the relationship between quantitative workload and perceived stress is stronger at high levels of external locus of control. Finally, emotional exhaustion mediates a positive relationship between perceived stress and interpersonal and organizational aggression. Practical implications – The findings suggest that Tunisian organizations may reduce perceived stress and aggressive behavior among blue-collar workers through reducing quantitative workload, role ambiguity, and interpersonal conflicts. Moreover, specific training programs, job redesign, and formal mentorship that provide employees with improved social skills can also be recommended as soon as early signs of frustration or intentions to misbehave appear. Finally, leadership development practices may help supervisors better manage workplace stressors and reduce the occurrence of workplace aggression. Originality/value – The current study is an initial attempt to look at an integrated model of stress and aggression among blue-collar workers in Tunisia. While some of the findings are consistent with the literature, others might reflect the unique aspects of the Tunisian culture.

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Relationship between time perspective and time management behaviours

Psihologija ◽

10.2298/psi170831036b ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 197-215

Author(s):

Bostjan Bajec

Keyword(s):

Big Five ◽

Time Management ◽

Perceived Control ◽

Time Perspective ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Big Five Personality Factors ◽

The Relationship

This study explores the relationship between various time perspectives (Past-positive, Presenthedonistic, Future, Past-negative, and Present-fatalistic) and time management behaviours (Setting goals and priorities, Scheduling and planning, Preference for organisation, and Perceived control of time) in order to determine whether time perspective is an indicator of time management behaviours and whether it predicts time management behaviours beyond the Big Five personality traits. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses of data from 645 employed persons were performed. It showed that Future, Present-hedonistic, and Pastnegative perspectives predict Setting of goals and priorities and Scheduling and planning; Present-fatalistic, Future, and Present-hedonistic perspectives predict Preference for organisation, and Present-fatalistic perspective predicts Perceived control of time beyond the Big Five personality factors.

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Having time for life activities

Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie ◽

10.1026/0943-8149.14.2.54 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 54-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Peter Gröpel ◽

Julius Kuhl

Keyword(s):

Time Management ◽

Perceived Control ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Determination ◽

Life Domains ◽

Major Life ◽

Life Balance ◽

Indirect Relationship ◽

The Relationship

Abstract. Balance in life is an important predictor of well-being and health. This pilot research investigates the relationship between self-regulation and life balance, that is, the appropriate proportion of time spent across major life domains. In Study 1, time management was investigated as a self-regulatory competence. In contrast to expectations, time management showed only an indirect relationship to life balance through the perceived control over time. In Study 2, self-motivation, self-relaxation, and self-determination were studied as additional components of self-regulation. As expected, self-determination predicted life balance. Self-motivation and self-relaxation were linked to self-determination and showed an indirect relationship to life balance. In line with theoretical expectations, persons skilled in self-motivation and self-relaxation scored higher on self-determination, which, in turn, facilitated balance among life domains.

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Work stressors and job outcomes: an empirical investigation of frontline service employees in the Indian hospitality industry

Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship ◽

10.1108/ebhrm-11-2020-0143 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Sajeet Pradhan

Keyword(s):

Emotional Exhaustion ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Hospitality Industry ◽

Frontline Employees ◽

Job Outcomes ◽

Work Stressors ◽

Content Type ◽

Customer Behaviour ◽

Service Sabotage ◽

The Relationship

PurposeThe study aims to investigate the relationship between work stressors (abusive supervision and dysfunctional customer behaviour) and several job outcomes such as service sabotage, job satisfaction and intention to quit among frontline employees in the Indian hospitality industry. It also explores the mediating role of emotional exhaustion explaining the indirect effect between the work stressors and the job outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis is a multi-wave (data collected at two time points) cross-sectional survey study. In order to test the study hypotheses, the study draws responses from frontline employees working in several hotels and restaurants in India. The final sample of 274 was analysed using SmartPLS and Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS).FindingsResults report that both the work stressors were significantly related to the job outcomes in the direction suggested in the literature. Also, the indirect effect between the work stressors and the job outcomes via emotional exhaustion were found to be significant.Originality/valueThe present study makes two unique contributions to the extant literature; first, it conceptualizes and empirically tests the pernicious impact of multiple work stressors like abusive supervisor and dysfunctional customer behaviour on the job outcomes of frontline hospitality industry employees. Second, it is the only study to investigate the relationship between the two work stressors and service sabotage in the Indian hospitality industry.

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The Relationship between Iranian EFL Teachers’ Creativity and Time Management Skills

International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature ◽

10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.2p.207 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 207

Author(s):

Hamed Barjesteh ◽

Sorour Azam Asadpour ◽

Mehdi Manochehrzadeh

Keyword(s):

Time Management ◽

Perceived Control ◽

English Language ◽

Teaching Experience ◽

Language Teachers ◽

Time Orientation ◽

Management Skills ◽

Intermediate Students ◽

Teacher Creativity ◽

The Relationship

Early research on creativity has illustrated that time is a significant resource education in general and classroom in particular. It is vital for incubation, thus, individuals should be given enough time to do a creative work. The current study sought to uncover the probable relationship between English language teachers’ creativity and time management skills. We hypothesized that teachers’ creativity plays a role in a number of variables such as age, gender, and teaching experience. It was also surmised that teacher creativity correlates time orientation. To measure teacher creativity, Zhou and George (2001) self-rating creativity was employed. In addition, Trueman and Hartley (1996) time management scale comprising five constructs, production of creative ideas, production of useful ideas, daily planning, confidence in long-term planning, and perceived control of time, were utilized to gauge time orientation. To comply with the objective, a total of 202 intermediate students from three English language institutes took part for the purpose of this study. They were requested to fill out the questionnaires. The data were collected over a period of three weeks. The data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to probe the relationship between the variables. The results suggest that teachers with more time orientation incorporate more teaching activities in their classroom. However, the findings revealed that a number of variables like age, gender and teaching experiences were not significant factors for teachers’ creativity skills. The findings suggest that a teacher should widen his perception of creativity and repertoire of employing activities in order to maximize students' capacity for novelty The may help language teachers and policy makers bring to a focus on the effects of time management skills and teachers’ creativity in the EFL content to achieve a better result in learning process.

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