scholarly journals The Effect of Cognates on Cognitive Control in Late Sequential Multilinguals: A Bilingual Advantage?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorik Fidler ◽  
Katja Lochtman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Orthographic Neighbor ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Orthographic Neighbors ◽  
Stroop Tasks

The present study investigated the influence of Dutch-German cognates resp. orthographic neighbors on controlled language processing (i.e., response inhibition). Two monolingual Stroop tasks (Dutch and German) were performed by Dutch-speaking participants who could and could not speak German, and by French-speaking participants who could speak German. The question is whether or not cognate language processing affects cognitive control, resulting in a possible bilingual advantage. In the German Stroop task, we found additional advantages in congruent, as well as incongruent, trials for the two Dutch-speaking groups, which postulates the existence of a cognate resp. orthographic neighbor facilitation effect, even when participants only know one of the two cognate languages. The findings are discussed in relation to two possible factors that can modulate the effect of bilingualism on cognitive control: cognateness and orthographic neighborhood. The results suggest the existence of a notification mechanism in the bilingual brain. This mechanism would notify the bilingual brain when dealing with cognates and orthographic neighbors.

scholarly journals Cognitive control in bilinguals: Advantages in Stimulus–Stimulus inhibition

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRIKE K. BLUMENFELD ◽  
VIORICA MARIAN
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Language Profiles

Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information and on overall speed during cognitive control tasks. Here, monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ performance was compared on two nonlinguistic tasks: a Stroop task (with perceptualStimulus–Stimulus conflictamong stimulus features) and a Simon task (withStimulus–Response conflict). Across two experiments testing bilinguals with different language profiles, bilinguals showed more efficient Stroop than Simon performance, relative to monolinguals, who showed fewer differences across the two tasks. Findings suggest that bilingualism may engage Stroop-type cognitive control mechanisms more than Simon-type mechanisms, likely due to increased Stimulus–Stimulus conflict during bilingual language processing. Findings are discussed in light of previous research on bilingual Stroop and Simon performance.

The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELLE M. MARTIN-RHEE ◽  
ELLEN BIALYSTOK
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Interference Suppression ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Competing Responses

Previous research has shown that bilingual children excel in tasks requiring inhibitory control to ignore a misleading perceptual cue. The present series of studies extends this finding by identifying the degree and type of inhibitory control for which bilingual children demonstrate this advantage. Study 1 replicated the earlier research by showing that bilingual children perform the Simon task more rapidly than monolinguals, but only on conditions in which the demands for inhibitory control were high. The next two studies compared performance on tasks that required inhibition of attention to a specific cue, like the Simon task, and inhibition of a habitual response, like the day–night Stroop task. In both studies, bilingual children maintained their advantage on tasks that require control of attention but showed no advantage on tasks that required inhibition of response. These results confine the bilingual advantage found previously to complex tasks requiring control over attention to competing cues (interference suppression) and not to tasks requiring control over competing responses (response inhibition).

The Inhibitory Advantage in Bilingual Children Revisited

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Juan Andrés Hernández ◽  
Eneko Antón ◽  
Pedro Macizo ◽  
Adelina Estévez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Specific Advantage ◽  
Size Congruency

In recent decades several authors have suggested that bilinguals exhibit enhanced cognitive control as compared to monolinguals and some proposals suggest that this main difference between monolinguals and bilinguals is related to bilinguals’ enhanced capacity of inhibiting irrelevant information. This has led to the proposal of the so-called bilingual advantage in inhibitory skills. However, recent studies have cast some doubt on the locus and generality of the alleged bilingual advantage in inhibitory skills. In the current study we investigated inhibitory skills in a large sample of 252 monolingual and 252 bilingual children who were carefully matched on a large number of indices. We tested their performance in a verbal Stroop task and in a nonverbal version of the same task (the number size-congruency task). Results were unequivocal and showed that bilingual and monolingual participants performed equally in these two tasks across all the indices or markers of inhibitory skills explored. Furthermore, the lack of differences between monolingual and bilingual children extended to all the age ranges tested and was not modulated by any of the independent factors investigated. In light of these results, we conclude that bilingual children do not exhibit any specific advantage in simple inhibitory tasks as compared to monolinguals.

scholarly journals Veel talen, één brein

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 147-163
Author(s):  
Esli Struys
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Global Society ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Language Control

Multilingualism has become the norm rather than the exception in our global society. Previousresearch has shown that bilingual children have advantages in cognitive control.The reason for this is that during language control they recruit general executive brainregions that are not specified for language. However, the bilingual advantage has beencontested by some studies.This article reports the methodological setup of an ongoing research in Brussels thattries to map the neural correlates, the origin and development of the assumed bilingualadvantage in cognitive control. This can be done by means of two conflict tasks that correspondto the processes involved in multilingual language processing. Besides, two differenttypes of bilingualism are distinguished according to the sociolinguistic environmentthe second language was acquired. Finally, implications for education will be discussed.

Contributions of bilingualism and public speaking training to cognitive control differences among young adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHILONG XIE ◽  
YANPING DONG
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Public Speaking ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Stroop Tasks

The Flanker and Number Stroop tasks, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were adopted to examine how bilingualism and public speaking training would contribute to cognitive control differences among young adults. Four groups of participants (of similar cultural and language backgrounds) were tested: monolinguals, general bilinguals, L1 public speaking bilinguals, and L2 public speaking bilinguals. Both ANOVA and multiple regression analyses showed that public speaking experience (esp. in L2) significantly contributed to conflict monitoring as tested in the global reaction times in the Flanker and Number Stroop tasks, whereas bilingualism (L2 verbal fluency, to be more specific) significantly contributed to mental set shifting as tested in the WCST. These results suggest that specific aspects of language experience, either in L1 or in L2, may incur enhancement in specific aspects of cognitive control, which has implications for bilingual advantage research.

The bilingual advantage in the Stroop task: simultaneous vs. early bilinguals

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA SABOURIN ◽  
SANTA VĪNERTE
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Task

The Stroop task has become a popular paradigm in investigations of bilingual cognitive control. While several studies show a cognitive control advantage for bilinguals, recent studies have countered these findings. The present study investigates two factors that may account for conflicting results: participant grouping and task difficulty. While we find no differences between simultaneous and early bilinguals (age groups traditionally both classified as “early” bilinguals) when the task uses only one language, we find a significant difference between the two when languages are mixed. We suggest treating the two groups as distinct, and note the importance of the bilingual context.

scholarly journals Cognitive control among immersed bilinguals: Considering differences in linguistic and non-linguistic processing

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA SABOURIN ◽  
SANTA VĪNERTE
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Language Immersion ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Task Effects ◽  
Colour Word ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
And Task

While several studies have shown a bilingual advantage in cognitive control, others have refuted such findings, leading to debates regarding the existence of bilingual benefits. The current study conducts two experiments to investigate this issue, focusing on the effect of the age of second language immersion in young adult non-immigrant bilinguals. We use a colour-word Stroop task to assess linguistic cognitive control, and an Attention Network Test to examine non-linguistic cognitive control. Results show significant differences between Simultaneous and Early Sequential bilinguals (typically grouped together as ‘early’) in the Stroop task, but these only become apparent when both languages are mixed. Simultaneous bilinguals also show improved Executive Control efficiency, particularly in the presence of alerting and orienting cues, suggesting enhanced attentional skills for this group. We discuss these findings with respect to participant grouping and task effects, noting the importance of the language environment.

Do Young Children Modulate Their Cognitive Control?

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solène Ambrosi ◽  
Patrick Lemaire ◽  
Agnès Blaye
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Stroop Tasks ◽  
And Task

Abstract. Dynamic, trial-by-trial modulations of inhibitory control are well documented in adults but rarely investigated in children. Here, we examined whether 5-to-7 year-old children, an age range when inhibitory control is still partially immature, achieve such modulations. Fifty three children took flanker, Simon, and Stroop tasks. Above and beyond classic congruency effects, the present results showed two crucial findings. First, we found evidence for sequential modulations of congruency effects in these young children in the three conflict tasks. Second, our results showed both task specificities and task commonalities. These findings in young children have important implications as they suggest that, to be modulated, inhibitory control does not require full maturation and that the precise pattern of trial-by-trial modulations may depend on the nature of conflict.

Tracing bilingual advantage in cognitive control: Conflict processing and categorization switching

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marzecova ◽  
M. Bukowski ◽  
J. Lupianez ◽  
M. Boros ◽  
Z. Wodniecka
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Conflict Processing
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document