The bilingual advantage in the Stroop task: simultaneous vs. early bilinguals

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA SABOURIN ◽  
SANTA VĪNERTE
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Task

The Stroop task has become a popular paradigm in investigations of bilingual cognitive control. While several studies show a cognitive control advantage for bilinguals, recent studies have countered these findings. The present study investigates two factors that may account for conflicting results: participant grouping and task difficulty. While we find no differences between simultaneous and early bilinguals (age groups traditionally both classified as “early” bilinguals) when the task uses only one language, we find a significant difference between the two when languages are mixed. We suggest treating the two groups as distinct, and note the importance of the bilingual context.

scholarly journals Cognitive control among immersed bilinguals: Considering differences in linguistic and non-linguistic processing

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA SABOURIN ◽  
SANTA VĪNERTE
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Language Immersion ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Task Effects ◽  
Colour Word ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
And Task

While several studies have shown a bilingual advantage in cognitive control, others have refuted such findings, leading to debates regarding the existence of bilingual benefits. The current study conducts two experiments to investigate this issue, focusing on the effect of the age of second language immersion in young adult non-immigrant bilinguals. We use a colour-word Stroop task to assess linguistic cognitive control, and an Attention Network Test to examine non-linguistic cognitive control. Results show significant differences between Simultaneous and Early Sequential bilinguals (typically grouped together as ‘early’) in the Stroop task, but these only become apparent when both languages are mixed. Simultaneous bilinguals also show improved Executive Control efficiency, particularly in the presence of alerting and orienting cues, suggesting enhanced attentional skills for this group. We discuss these findings with respect to participant grouping and task effects, noting the importance of the language environment.

Learned Helplessness in Physical Education: A Developmental Study of Causal Attributions and Task Persistence

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Martinek ◽  
Joseph B. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Task Persistence ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Two Age Groups ◽  
And Task

The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of age on specific psychological and behavioral measures of learned-helpless and mastery-oriented students. The study consisted of two age groups, younger and older, of learned-helplessness and mastery-oriented students. Within each age group, learned-helpless and mastery-oriented students were compared in terms of attributional profiles and levels of task persistence during instruction. Students were asked to view videotapes of their performances, to describe how they thought they did on each task, and to give reasons for their performance. Responses were classified into four attributional categories: (a) ability, (b) effort, (c) task difficulty, and (d) environment or luck. Persistence was also determined by looking at the number of times students would attempt a task. Attributional profiles and task persistence associated with the leamed-helpless condition was more prevalent with the older group than with the younger group.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPECTANCY OF SUCCESS AND TASK DIFFICULTY AS A FUNCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE SUCCESS CRITERIA

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Smith ◽  
James C. Ascough ◽  
Ronald F. Ettinger
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Success Criterion ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Motivational Model ◽  
Absolute Criterion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

Subjects made expectancy of success (Ps) statements in a dart throwing task under two success criterion conditions. In an absolute criterion condition. subjects estimated the probability of their gaining a fixed number of points on trials at increasing distances from the target. Subjects in a relative success criterion condition estimated where they would rank in a group of 100 subjects on each trial. A significant difference in linear trends (p < 0.001) between the criterion groups was obtained, with Ps remaining relatively constant across difficulty levels in the relative criterion condition while declining rapidly as a function of task difficulty in the absolute criterion condition. Implications regarding the generality of the expectancy variable in the Akinson-Feather motivational model are discussed.

scholarly journals Cognitive resilience in bilinguals and its potentiality in dealing with cognitive load

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setareh Doroud ◽  
Zari Saeedi ◽  
Narges Radman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Verbal Production

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated different patterns of results regarding cognitive benefits of bilingualism, ranging from bilingual advantage to no effect of bilingualism. This study examined the potential effect of bilingualism on cognitive resilience and performance. We recruited 21 Persian monolinguals and 19 Persian-English bilinguals. Color-Word Stroop task was used concurrently with verbal production tasks in order to produce three levels of task difficulty, i.e., doing the Stroop task while being silent (level 1), alphabet reciting (level 2), and counting odd numbers (level 3). We investigated the pattern of changes in Stroop task performance when faced with different difficulty levels Bilinguals showed less change in their performance in the Stroop task when faced with high cognitive load (high task difficulty level). However, monolinguals showed a significant decrease in their performance when the cognitive load increased. Our data support the “Bilingual Advantage” view. However, this advantage is highlighted in cognitively demanding tasks.

Comparison of Static Perspective Views and 2D Maps – the Role of Age, Spatial Abilities, and Task Nature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Hermann ◽  
Martina Faltejsková ◽  
Zdeněk Stachoň
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Thematic Maps ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Two Age Groups ◽  
And Task

In this study, we focus on the usability of pseudo-3D thematic maps (static perspective views) compared with their conventional 2D equivalents. A total of 105 study participants were divided into two groups (12–19 years old and 20–27 years old). A Perspective Taking Test measured their spatial abilities and each participant solved 15 tasks using four thematic maps. We compared map variants to determine which is more suitable for individual tasks. We then examined the differences between the two age groups and tried to find any relationship between the user’s spatial abilities and the number of correct answers. We observed a significant difference regarding the map’s visualization dimension only in one particular task and significant differences between the age groups when they worked with 2D maps. We found a positive correlation between the participant’s level of spatial ability and the number of correct answers.

The Inhibitory Advantage in Bilingual Children Revisited

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Juan Andrés Hernández ◽  
Eneko Antón ◽  
Pedro Macizo ◽  
Adelina Estévez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Specific Advantage ◽  
Size Congruency

In recent decades several authors have suggested that bilinguals exhibit enhanced cognitive control as compared to monolinguals and some proposals suggest that this main difference between monolinguals and bilinguals is related to bilinguals’ enhanced capacity of inhibiting irrelevant information. This has led to the proposal of the so-called bilingual advantage in inhibitory skills. However, recent studies have cast some doubt on the locus and generality of the alleged bilingual advantage in inhibitory skills. In the current study we investigated inhibitory skills in a large sample of 252 monolingual and 252 bilingual children who were carefully matched on a large number of indices. We tested their performance in a verbal Stroop task and in a nonverbal version of the same task (the number size-congruency task). Results were unequivocal and showed that bilingual and monolingual participants performed equally in these two tasks across all the indices or markers of inhibitory skills explored. Furthermore, the lack of differences between monolingual and bilingual children extended to all the age ranges tested and was not modulated by any of the independent factors investigated. In light of these results, we conclude that bilingual children do not exhibit any specific advantage in simple inhibitory tasks as compared to monolinguals.

scholarly journals Determination of Anthropometric Indicators of 2 to 6 Years Old Kindergarten and Preschool Children in Isfahan City in 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid ZARRIN KAFSH ◽  
Gholam Hossein HALVANI ◽  
Hossein FALLAH ◽  
Mahsa ASGARI
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age And Sex

Introduction: Creation of anthropometric database in any age group is one of the most important issues in designing and manufacturing of used equipment. The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric characteristics of nurses of kindergartens and preschools in Isfahan in the age range of 2 to 6 years and to create an information reference.Materials and Methods: In this applied study, 700 healthy male and female boys were selected randomly from cluster sampling from nursery schoolchildren and preschools in Isfahan city. 36 anthropometric measurements of them were cross-sectional in the academic year 1396 to 1397. And indicators and statistical percentiles (5.50 and 95) were extracted.Results: Statistical indexes and percentiles were presented as an anthropometric database in 5 age groups and in two sex groups. Age and sex were influenced by most anthropometric variables and significant difference (P <0.05). .Conclusion: The age and sex are two factors affecting anthropometric variables. Therefore, it is necessary to use the anterpometric database of the same age group and gender in the design of the equipment.

scholarly journals The Effect of Cognates on Cognitive Control in Late Sequential Multilinguals: A Bilingual Advantage?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorik Fidler ◽  
Katja Lochtman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Orthographic Neighbor ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Orthographic Neighbors ◽  
Stroop Tasks

The present study investigated the influence of Dutch-German cognates resp. orthographic neighbors on controlled language processing (i.e., response inhibition). Two monolingual Stroop tasks (Dutch and German) were performed by Dutch-speaking participants who could and could not speak German, and by French-speaking participants who could speak German. The question is whether or not cognate language processing affects cognitive control, resulting in a possible bilingual advantage. In the German Stroop task, we found additional advantages in congruent, as well as incongruent, trials for the two Dutch-speaking groups, which postulates the existence of a cognate resp. orthographic neighbor facilitation effect, even when participants only know one of the two cognate languages. The findings are discussed in relation to two possible factors that can modulate the effect of bilingualism on cognitive control: cognateness and orthographic neighborhood. The results suggest the existence of a notification mechanism in the bilingual brain. This mechanism would notify the bilingual brain when dealing with cognates and orthographic neighbors.

Do Young Children Modulate Their Cognitive Control?

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solène Ambrosi ◽  
Patrick Lemaire ◽  
Agnès Blaye
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Stroop Tasks ◽  
And Task

Abstract. Dynamic, trial-by-trial modulations of inhibitory control are well documented in adults but rarely investigated in children. Here, we examined whether 5-to-7 year-old children, an age range when inhibitory control is still partially immature, achieve such modulations. Fifty three children took flanker, Simon, and Stroop tasks. Above and beyond classic congruency effects, the present results showed two crucial findings. First, we found evidence for sequential modulations of congruency effects in these young children in the three conflict tasks. Second, our results showed both task specificities and task commonalities. These findings in young children have important implications as they suggest that, to be modulated, inhibitory control does not require full maturation and that the precise pattern of trial-by-trial modulations may depend on the nature of conflict.

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