scholarly journals Palm Biochar-Based Sulphated Zirconium (Zr-AC-HSO3) Catalyst for Methyl Ester Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Soroush Soltani ◽  
Thomas Shean Yaw Choong ◽  
Imededdine Arbi Nehdi ◽  
Junaid Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Spent Catalyst ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A palm waste kernel shell biomass was converted into bio-based sulphonated activated carbon and further used for preparation of a sulphated zirconium-doped activated catalyst (Zr-AC-HSO3) by wet impregnation method. The structural, physicochemical, morphological, textural, and thermal characteristics of the synthesized Zr-AC-HSO3 catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic activity of the 20 wt% Zr-AC-HSO3 catalyst was further evaluated for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). This study achieved a maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 94.3% and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of 96.1% via the esterification over 20 wt% Zr-AC-HSO3 using 3 wt% catalyst concentration, 15:1 methanol:PFAD molar ratio at 75 °C for 3 h. The experiments to test for reusability showed that the spent catalyst was stable for five successive reaction cycles, with a FFA conversion of 80% in the fifth cycle, without additional treatment. The critical fuel features of the synthesized PFAD methyl ester were determined and were within the range of EN14214 and ASTM D6751 standards.

Esterification of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond for Community Biodiesel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Athitan Timyamprasert ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Kasem Chunkao ◽  
Juan L. Silva ◽  
Tae Jo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The investigated results showed that the WPO containing 48.62%wt of high FFA. The optimum condition of esterification step was 28 moles of methanol to FFA in WPO molar ratio, 5.5% sulfuric acid concentration in 90 min of reaction time and 60 °C of reaction temperature. After transesterification step, WPO biodiesel gave methyl ester content at 84.05% according to EN 14103 method. The properties of WPO methyl ester meet the standards of Thailand community biodiesel that can be used as fuel in agricultural machine.

scholarly journals PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM CRUDE COCONUT SEEDS OIL USING CAO/AL2O3 AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Jamilu Usman ◽  
Bashar Abdullahi Hadi ◽  
Buhari Idris ◽  
Umar Musa Tanko ◽  
Bashar Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel derived from animal fats or vegetable oil through transesterification with methanol. Base catalyzed transesterification is the most commonly used technique as it is the most economical process. Presently, a lot of heterogeneous catalysts have been formulated that are more effective than the homogeneous catalysts. CaO/Al2O3 was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation method. The biodiesel was developed and optimized using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM) design provided using MINITAP-17 statistical software. The four independent variables considered are: reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration. The response chosen was fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields which were obtained from the reaction. The result from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a satisfactory result. Moreover, the input variables showed greater significance on the response which are reaction time and temperature base on F and P-value. The statistical models developed for predicting biodiesel yield revealed a significant agreement between the experimental and predicted values (R = 0.9686). An optimum methyl ester yield of 93.29 % was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 600C, reaction time of 120 min and catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt%. The properties of the biodiesel produced also falls within the range prescribed by ASTM standard

Methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Lokman ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ◽  
Robiah Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Super phosphoric acid catalyzed esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for biodiesel production: physicochemical parameters and kinetics

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand V. Metre ◽  
Kaushik Nath
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Percent Conversion ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Abstract In the present study the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a by-product from palm oil industry, in the presence of super phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst was studied. The effects of various physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, PFAD to methanol molar ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of biodiesel were investigated. The percent conversion of FFA and properties of the biodiesel were determined following standard methodologies. Percent conversion of biodiesel was found to increase with the increase in PFAD to methanol molar ratio and at 1:12 molar ratio and 70°C temperature 95% conversion was achieved. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated in terms of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy at different molar ratio and temperatures. Both pseudo first and second order irreversible kinetics were applied to a wide range of experimental data. However, according to regression coefficient (R2) the second order described better experimental behavior of kinetic data.

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