Study of the Feasibility of Biodiesel Production, from Vegetable Oils and Catalysts of Seafood Residues, in a Batch Hydrogenation Reaction Unit, Assisted by Microwave and Conventional Heating

In this work, it was proposed to study the feasibility of biodiesel production, from residues of vegetable oils used in domestic activities, employing (CaCO3) shells prepared like calcium oxide (CaO) as catalysts, in a batch reaction unit, on bench scale, installed at IPEN-CNEN/SP. This unit is capable of operating with high pressure hydrogen gas (up to 200bar) and high temperature (up to 500°C, using microwave - MW (2.450MHz, with up to 2kW continuous and 8kW pulsed) and conventional heating – (electric) MC. In the tests, the oil load (mL), type and mass of catalyst, with or without hydrogen gas pressure (bar), temperature (°C), reaction time (h), microwave power (W), the speed of the load (rpm) agitation and the conventional heating were evaluated. The analytical determinations of the samples were carried out by means of density, gas chromatography (GC) and X-ray fluorescence. Data were collected in order to be compared with other methodologies, already used in the literature. The purpose of this work was to analyze the efficiency of the use of these types of catalysts and oils in the production of biodiesel, as an alternative technology. The Ca and CaO contents found in the pink shell, before and after the calcination, were 36.2% and 98.8%, respectively. The best result obtained for the density was 0.875182g/cm3, for the test with 4g of calcined shell catalyst and reaction of 1h. As to the methyl ester content, the highest result was 95.33%, in a test with 4g of catalyst and reaction of 3h. In the non-calcined shell test (22.5g), although the amount of mass used was much larger (5% of the oil mass), the ester content was very low, 2.11%.

Alteration of Biodiesel Properties and Automotive Diesel Engine Performance due to Temperature Variation of the Transesterification Process

This study aimed to examine the effects of transesterification reaction temperature on the biodiesel properties and diesel engine performance. Biodiesel properties evaluated in this work included viscosity, density, and methyl ester content. Meanwhile, the diesel engine performance testing comprised the examination of the engine’s torque and power. The research was conducted in several stages, viz. producing biodiesel from fresh cooking oil with variations in transesterification temperature of 45℃, 55℃, and 65℃; testing the characteristics of biodiesel produced; blending biodiesel with petroleum diesel to result in B30 biodiesel fuel; and testing biodiesel fuel (B30) in diesel-engined vehicles. It was revealed that the higher transesterification temperature led to the lower biodiesel viscosity, the decreasing value of biodiesel density values, and the higher methyl ester content. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that increase of the transesterification temperature resulted in the higher value of torque and power generated. However, compared to the petroleum diesel fuel (B0), biodiesel fuel (B30) exhibited the lower values of the engine’s torque and power. The highest average values of torque and power of B30 fueled diesel-engine were 108.11 Nm and 43.51 kW, respectively, provided by the biodiesel produced at the transesterification reaction temperature of 65℃.of 65℃.

Properties of Biodiesel Purified by Membrane Technology

Membrane technology is the most effective technology in the process of separation and purification because the separation of components can occur to the molecular level. Therefore the application of membrane technology in the biodiesel production process can provide high-purity biodiesel quality. In this research, the process of separating and refining palm oil biodiesel does not use the washing process, but it uses membrane separation technology. The membrane used is the ceramic ultrafiltration membrane 0.02 µm. The purification process was carried out at temperature 70°C and pressure 12 Psi (0.86 bar), flow rate of 39.53 L/min, circulation time of 3 hours with a feed of 10 L. After purification, an obtained biodiesel has physical properties as follows: Purity level 97.63% mass (total ester content) and 97.02% mass (methyl ester content), kinematic viscosity at 40°C is 5.70 (cSt), density 0.86 (g/cm3), acid number 0.45 (mg KOH/g) and the saponification number 206.45 mg KOH/g. The values ​​of the physicochemical properties have met Indonesian National Standard (SNI).

Cell wall O-acetyl and methyl esterification patterns of leaves reflected in atmospheric emission signatures of acetic acid and methanol

Plants emit high rates of methanol (meOH), generally assumed to derive from pectin demethylation, and this increases during abiotic stress. In contrast, less is known about the emission and source of acetic acid (AA). In this study, Populus trichocarpa (California poplar) leaves in different developmental stages were desiccated and quantified for total meOH and AA emissions together with bulk cell wall acetylation and methylation content. While young leaves showed high emissions of meOH (140 μmol m−2) and AA (42 μmol m−2), emissions were reduced in mature (meOH: 69%, AA: 60%) and old (meOH: 83%, AA: 76%) leaves. In contrast, the ratio of AA/meOH emissions increased with leaf development (young: 35%, mature: 43%, old: 82%), mimicking the pattern of O-acetyl/methyl ester ratios of leaf bulk cell walls (young: 35%, mature: 38%, old: 51%), which is driven by an increase in O-acetyl and decrease in methyl ester content with age. The results are consistent with meOH and AA emission sources from cell wall de-esterification, with young expanding tissues producing highly methylated pectin that is progressively demethyl-esterified. We highlight the quantification of AA/meOH emission ratios as a potential tool for rapid phenotype screening of structural carbohydrate esterification patterns.

Evaluation of dolomite as catalyst in the transesterification reaction using palm oil (RBD)

In this study, the catalytic activity of dolomite was evaluated for the transesterification of Colombian RBD palm oil with methanol, carried out in a batch reactor at 333,15K and 600rpm. The activated dolomites (calcined at 1073.15K for 2h) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Hammett indicators method, and quantification of the surface area, average pore size and average pore volume BET. The influence of reaction variables such as catalyst amount (%wt /wt) and methanol / palm oil molar ratio (mole/mole) was investigated. Under the suitable reaction conditions, the amount of calcined dolomite equal to 4% (wt /wt) based on the weight of oil, the methanol-oil molar ratio equal to 9:1, and the reaction time = 1h, the methyl ester content of 82.67% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) can be achieved.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Oil Catalyzed by Hierarchical ZSM-5 Supported Calcium Oxide

Biodiesel production from waste palm oil catalyzed by hierarchical ZSM-5 supported calcium oxide was studied. The activity of CaO increased after supported on h-ZSM-5 resulting an increase in conversion from 93.17% to 95.40%. A maximum conversion of 95.40% was achieved at 6 h reaction time, 3 wt.% catalyst amount, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The waste palm oil showed a high potential as a feedstock in biodiesel production in which there was no significant different in the conversion of fresh and waste palm oil. The properties of the obtained biodiesel required the limits of biodiesel specification according to ASTM D6751-08 and EN 14214 with the methyl ester content of 97.18%, the acid value of 0.24 mg KOH/g, the kinematic viscosity of 4.64 cSt and the density of 869.9 kg/m3.

POTENSI ZEOLIT ALAM DAN CaO DARI CANGKANG TELUR AYAM SEBAGAI KATALIS DALAM PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI TREATED WASTE COOKING OIL

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines which is produced from either vegetable oils or animal fats. Treated Waste Cooking Oil (TWCO) was the pretreated WCO using activated carbon to reduce the high content of free fatty acid (FFA). The objective of this study was to discover the potential of catalyst which was the mixture of natural zeolite and CaO derived from the chicken eggshells in producing biodiesel with TWCO as feedstock. Chicken eggshells were calcined at the temperature of 1000 oC for 2 hours. Effect of using the catalyst, natural zeolite and CaO, was investigated in this study. The properties of biodiesel such as methyl ester content, density, kinematic viscosity and flash point were evaluated and compared to the Indonesian Standard (SNI). In this study, the biodiesel yield for catalyst of natural zeolite, CaO, and mixture of both were 7,28%; 51,17%; and 87,40% respectively. The biodiesel produced in this study was comparable to the SNI standard and that the addition of natural zeolite could enhance the catalytic activity. Therefore, it is highly potential as low-cost catalyst in producing biodiesel.

PEMBUATAN METIL ESTER DARI MINYAK KEMIRI SUNAN DENGAN KEBERADAAN CO-SOLVENT ASETON DAN KATALIS HETEROGEN NATRIUM SILIKAT TERKALSINASI

Methyl ester can be produced from vegetable oil or animal oil through transesterification process. The problem that often arises in the transesterification process is the long reaction time because of oil and alcohol are not mutually dissolve and also separation and purification catalysts are difficult to homogeneous catalysts. The addition of co-solvent may assist the mixing of the reactants and the use of heterogeneous catalysts can overcome the problem of homogeneous catalysts. Sunan candlenut oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 9.1517% so it needs to be pretreated by esterification so that the raw material has a 1.0538% FFA. The product from this stage was subjected to produce methylester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables were investigated. The propertiesof methyl ester like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, iodine value, acid value, the content of methyl ester, triglycride(TG), diglyceride(DG) and monoglyceride (MG) was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI) and European strandart (EN). On this work the best yield condition , was obtain by using amount of catalyst 3% at 40oC, for reaction time 30 minute in presence of 20% co-solvent of the 96,1493 yield methyl ester. The result of this work showed that sunan candlenut oli is very suitable as the feedstock of methyl ester.

PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI RBDPO DENGAN KATALIS CANGKANG KEPAH

Biodiesel is a low-emission diesel fuel substitute made from renewable resources and waste oil. The objective of the study was to study of CaO catalysts in biodiesel production from RBDPO with clam shell catalyst through calcinations of CaCO3 with temperature of 900oC and 3.5 hours will be obtained CaO content of 68,35%. Effect of various process variables such as type of catalyst, reaction time, amount of catalyst and molar ratio of Methanol / oil were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was compared with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield, purity, density, viscosity and flash point of biodiesel RBDPO respectively for 84,0179%, 97,98%, 875,47 kg/m3, 4,99 cSt and 122oC was obtained by using 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to RBDPO oil at 60oC, for a reaction time of 2 hours in the presence 5 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this research showed that heterogeneous catalysts CaO derived from clam shell suitable to be used as catalysts in biodiesel production.