Pentose Phosphate Pathway Reactions in Photosynthesizing Cells

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is divided into an oxidative branch that makes pentose phosphates and a non-oxidative branch that consumes pentose phosphates, though the non-oxidative branch is considered reversible. A modified version of the non-oxidative branch is a critical component of the Calvin–Benson cycle that converts CO2 into sugar. The reaction sequence in the Calvin–Benson cycle is from triose phosphates to pentose phosphates, the opposite of the typical direction of the non-oxidative PPP. The photosynthetic direction is favored by replacing the transaldolase step of the normal non-oxidative PPP with a second aldolase reaction plus sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase. This can be considered an anabolic version of the non-oxidative PPP and is found in a few situations other than photosynthesis. In addition to the strong association of the non-oxidative PPP with photosynthesis metabolism, there is recent evidence that the oxidative PPP reactions are also important in photosynthesizing cells. These reactions can form a shunt around the non-oxidative PPP section of the Calvin–Benson cycle, consuming three ATP per glucose 6-phosphate consumed. A constitutive operation of this shunt occurs in the cytosol and gives rise to an unusual labeling pattern of photosynthetic metabolites while an inducible shunt in the stroma may occur in response to stress.

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New reaction sequences for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1760257 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 176 (1) ◽

pp. 257-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

J F Williams ◽

P F Blackmore ◽

M G Clark

Keyword(s):

Volatile Compounds ◽

Rat Liver ◽

Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Carbon Balance ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Rat Tissues ◽

Phosphate Metabolism ◽

Reaction Sequence ◽

Triose Phosphate

1. Reactions leading to the formation of 14C-labelled volatile compounds and compounds volatile under acid conditions were investigated in a system actively synthesizing hexose 6-phosphates from [U-14C]ribose 5-phosphate by reactions catalysed by enzymes prepared from acetone-dried powder of rat liver; no reactions involving 14C-labelled volatile compounds were detected. Similarly the fixation of 14C-labelled volatile compounds into hexose 6-phosphate could not be detected. 2. A complete carbon balance was made for the reactants, intermediates and products of the reactions involved in the conversion of ribose 5-phosphate into hexose 6-phosphate by enzymes of rat liver. Five additional intermediates of pentose 5-phosphate metabolism in liver were detected, namely D-manno-heptulose 7-phosphate, D-altro-heptulose 1,7-bisphosphate, D-glycero-D-ido-octulose 1,8-bisphosphate, D-glycero-D-altro-octulose 1,8-bisphosphate and D-arabinose 5-phosphate. 3. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate was found to be utilized by a rat liver enzyme preparation to produce both hexose 6-phosphate and triose phosphate. 4. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate was reversibly converted into other pentose 5-phosphates. Paper chromatographic and enzymic evidence indicated that the conversion involved an enzyme tentatively named arabinose phosphate 2-epimerase, which catalyses the following reaction: D-arabinose 5-P in equilibrium D-ribose-5-P. 5. A variety of rat tissues also utilized D-arabinose 5-phosphate to produce both hexose 6-phosphate and triose phosphate and at a rate comparable with that obtained with D-ribose 5-phosphate. 6. A new reaction sequence for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in liver is proposed.

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The fate of 14C in glucose 6-phosphate synthesized from [1-14C]Ribose 5-phosphate by enzymes of rat liver

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1760241 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 176 (1) ◽

pp. 241-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

J F Williams ◽

M G Clark ◽

P F Blackmore

Keyword(s):

Rat Liver ◽

Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Specific Radioactivity ◽

Early Time ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Enzyme Extract ◽

Reaction Sequence ◽

Time Intervals ◽

A Value ◽

Initial Substrate

1. Glucose 5-phosphate was synthesized from ribose 5-phosphate by an enzyme extract prepared from an acetone-dried powder of rat liver. Three rates of ribose 5-phosphate utilization were observed during incubation for 17 h. An analysis of intermediates and products formed throughout the incubation revealed that as much as 20% of the substrate carbon could not be accounted for. 2. With [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate as substrate, the specific radioactivity of [14C]glucose 6-phosphate formed was determined at 1, 2, 5 and 30 min and 3, 8 and 17 h. It increased rapidly to 1.9-fold the initial specific radioactivity of [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate at 3 h and then decreased to a value approximately equal to that of the substrate at 6 h, and finally at 17 h reached a value 0.8-fold that of the initial substrate [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate. 3. The specific radioactivity of [14C]ribose 5-phosphate decreased to approx. 50% of its inital value during the first 3 h of the incubation and thereafter remained unchanged. 4. The distribution of 14C in the six carbon atoms of [14C]glucose 6-phosphate formed from [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate at 1, 2, 5 and 30 min and 3, 8 and 17 h was determined. The early time intervals (1–30 min) were characterized by large amounts of 14C in C-2 and in C-6 and with C-1 and C-3 being unlabelled. In contrast, the later time intervals (3–17 h) were characterized by the appearance of 14C in C-1 and C-3 and decreasing amounts of 14C in C-2 and C-6. 5. It is concluded that neither the currently accepted reaction sequence for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway nor the ‘defined’ pentose phosphate-cycle mechanism can be reconciled with the labelling patterns observed in glucose 6-phosphate formed during the inital 3 h of the incubation.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Convergent evolution of zoonotic Brucella species toward the selective use of the pentose phosphate pathway.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.738798441.793579509 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jean Celli

Keyword(s):

Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Convergent Evolution ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Brucella Species

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Systematic Identification of Regulators of Oxidative Stress Reveals Non-canonical Roles for Peroxisomal Import and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Cell Reports ◽

10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 1417-1433.e7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Michael M. Dubreuil ◽

David W. Morgens ◽

Kanji Okumoto ◽

Masanori Honsho ◽

Kévin Contrepois ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Systematic Identification

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Resolving the TCA cycle and pentose-phosphate pathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824: Isotopomer analysis, in vitro activities and expression analysis

Biotechnology Journal ◽

10.1002/biot.201000282 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 300-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Scott B. Crown ◽

Dinesh C. Indurthi ◽

Woo Suk Ahn ◽

Jungik Choi ◽

Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Analysis ◽

Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Clostridium Acetobutylicum ◽

Tca Cycle ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

The Tca Cycle ◽

Isotopomer Analysis ◽

Clostridium Acetobutylicum Atcc 824

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Geranylgeranylacetone attenuates cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats through the augmentation of HSP 27 phosphorylation: a preliminary study

BMC Neuroscience ◽

10.1186/s12868-021-00614-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kazuya Matsuo ◽

Kohkichi Hosoda ◽

Jun Tanaka ◽

Yusuke Yamamoto ◽

Taichiro Imahori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Ischemia ◽

Reperfusion Injury ◽

Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Hsp27 Phosphorylation ◽

Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽

Preliminary Study

Abstract Background We previously reported that heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) phosphorylation plays an important role in the activation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), resulting in the upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant effects against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. The present study investigated the effect of geranylgeranylacetone, an inducer of HSP27, on ischemia–reperfusion injury in male rats as a preliminary study to see if further research of the effects of geranylgeranylacetone on the ischemic stroke was warranted. Methods In all experiments, male Wistar rats were used. First, we conducted pathway activity profiling based on a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify ischemia–reperfusion-related metabolic pathways. Next, we investigated the effects of geranylgeranylacetone on the pentose phosphate pathway and ischemia–reperfusion injury by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting, and G6PD activity, protein carbonylation and infarct volume analysis. Geranylgeranylacetone or vehicle was injected intracerebroventricularly 3 h prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham operation. Results Pathway activity profiling demonstrated that changes in the metabolic state depended on reperfusion time and that the pentose phosphate pathway and taurine-hypotaurine metabolism pathway were the most strongly related to reperfusion among 137 metabolic pathways. RT-PCR demonstrated that geranylgeranylacetone did not significantly affect the increase in HSP27 transcript levels after ischemia–reperfusion. Immunoblotting showed that geranylgeranylacetone did not significantly affect the elevation of HSP27 protein levels. However, geranylgeranylacetone significantly increase the elevation of phosphorylation of HSP27 after ischemia–reperfusion. In addition, geranylgeranylacetone significantly affected the increase in G6PD activity, and reduced the increase in protein carbonylation after ischemia–reperfusion. Accordingly, geranylgeranylacetone significantly reduced the infarct size (median 31.3% vs 19.9%, p = 0.0013). Conclusions As a preliminary study, these findings suggest that geranylgeranylacetone may be a promising agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke and would be worthy of further study. Further studies are required to clearly delineate the mechanism of geranylgeranylacetone-induced HSP27 phosphorylation in antioxidant effects, which may guide the development of new approaches for minimizing the impact of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury.

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Fine tuning the glycolytic flux ratio of EP-bifido pathway for mevalonate production by enhancing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf) and CRISPRi suppressing 6-phosphofructose kinase (PfkA) in Escherichia coli

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-021-01526-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ying Li ◽

He Xian ◽

Ya Xu ◽

Yuan Zhu ◽

Zhijie Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽

Conversion Rate ◽

Metabolic Flux ◽

Flux Ratio ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

High Yield ◽

Glycolytic Flux ◽

Acetyl Coa

Abstract Background Natural glycolysis encounters the decarboxylation of glucose partial oxidation product pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, where one-third of the carbon is lost at CO2. We previously constructed a carbon saving pathway, EP-bifido pathway by combining Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway, Pentose Phosphate Pathway and “bifid shunt”, to generate high yield acetyl-CoA from glucose. However, the carbon conversion rate and reducing power of this pathway was not optimal, the flux ratio of EMP pathway and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) needs to be precisely and dynamically adjusted to improve the production of mevalonate (MVA). Result Here, we finely tuned the glycolytic flux ratio in two ways. First, we enhanced PPP flux for NADPH supply by replacing the promoter of zwf on the genome with a set of different strength promoters. Compared with the previous EP-bifido strains, the zwf-modified strains showed obvious differences in NADPH, NADH, and ATP synthesis levels. Among them, strain BP10BF accumulated 11.2 g/L of MVA after 72 h of fermentation and the molar conversion rate from glucose reached 62.2%. Second, pfkA was finely down-regulated by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi) system. The MVA yield of the regulated strain BiB1F was 8.53 g/L, and the conversion rate from glucose reached 68.7%. Conclusion This is the highest MVA conversion rate reported in shaken flask fermentation. The CRISPRi and promoter fine-tuning provided an effective strategy for metabolic flux redistribution in many metabolic pathways and promotes the chemicals production.

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