Nasopharyngeal Carriage and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae among Children under Five in Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract Objective This work aims to evaluate the factors associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility among pediatric outpatients in southwestern Colombia, 2019. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using survey-based interviews and the collection of nasopharyngeal-swab specimens for microbiological characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Logistic regression analyses were performed for factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage. Results A total of 452 children under the age of 5 years were examined in which 41.8% carried S. pneumoniae. Higher pneumococcal carriage frequencies were observed among participants aged <2 years and in individuals belonging to indigenous communities, which were lacking established pneumococcal-conjugated vaccine-10 immunization schemes. Additionally, children attending childcare institutions were also highly colonized by pneumococci. S. pneumoniae showed 57.7% nonsusceptibility to benzyl-penicillin (meningitis-cut); 45.5% intermediate-sensitivity to benzyl-penicillin (oral-cut) and 21.7% to cefotaxime; and resistance to erythromycin (40.7%), tetracycline (36.0%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (24.9%), clindamycin (24.3%), and ceftriaxone (27.0%). Conclusion The 41.8% of participants carrying S. pneumoniae show a scenario with the presence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant strains, which constitutes important reservoirs of bacterial transmission by children aged <5 years in Colombia, leading to an onset of pneumococcal diseases. Hence, there is an urgent need to expand conjugate pneumococcal immunization in the community and ensure compliance with established immunization schedules.

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Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children under five years of age prior to pneumococcal vaccine introduction in Southeast Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2001-2019)

Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection ◽

10.1016/j.jmii.2021.08.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wa Ode Dwi Daningrat ◽

Hafsah Amalia ◽

Ira Marti Ayu ◽

Catherine Satzke ◽

Dodi Safari

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Vaccine Introduction

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Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from patients with ear discharge in Jimma Town, Southwest, Ethiopia

BMC Ear Nose and Throat Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12901-018-0065-0 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kasahun Gorems ◽

Getenet Beyene ◽

Melkamu Berhane ◽

Zeleke Mekonnen

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Southwest Ethiopia ◽

Jimma Town ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

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Nasopharyngeal Carriage and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Streptococcus Pneumoniae among Pediatric Outpatients at Gondar University Hospital, North West Ethiopia

Pediatrics & Neonatology ◽

10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.03.017 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 315-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Abate Assefa ◽

Baye Gelaw ◽

Yitayal Shiferaw ◽

Zemene Tigabu

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

University Hospital ◽

Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

North West ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gondar University Hospital ◽

North West Ethiopia ◽

Pediatric Outpatients

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Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Associated Factors among Children in Southwest Ethiopia

The Open Microbiology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874285802014010171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 171-178

Author(s):

Dejene Derseh Abateneh ◽

Abera Kumalo Shano ◽

Teshale Worku Dedo

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southwest Ethiopia ◽

Pneumococcal Carriage

Background: In Ethiopia, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the predominant causative agent of pneumonia. About, 95% of bacterial pneumonia cases in under five years of children are caused by pneumococci. Objective: To assess the nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, its antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and associated factors among children in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 01, 2018, to December 30, 2018. A total of 293 children aged ≤15 years were included in the study using a systematic random sampling technique. A nasopharyngeal swab was collected using a sterile cotton swab and cultured on blood agar supplemented with 5μg/ml gentamicin. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: The ages of participants ranged from 5 months to 14 years. The carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was 74/293 (25.3%). Being within the age group <3 years, the habit of sleeping with parent(s)/guardians and numbers of rooms per household were significantly associated with pneumococcal carriage. Streptococcus pneumoniae showed the highest resistance to Tetracycline, 36 (48.65%), and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 29 (39.2%), and was found to be susceptible to Chloramphenicol, 54 (77%), and Erythromycin, 38 (51.4%). Conclusion: The nasopharyngeal carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae is considerably high. High antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae against Tetracycline and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was observed. Living in a house with a single room, children’s habit of sleeping with parents/guardians and age are associated factors of high pneumococcal carriage. Strategies need to be designed to address the modifiable associated factors and the bacterium antibiotic resistance pattern should be monitored regularly.

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Ten-year surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in central Turkey prior to the introduction of a conjugate vaccine

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.834 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (09) ◽

pp. 560-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Duygu Percin ◽

Yasemin Ay Altintop ◽

Bulent Sumerkan

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Rank Order ◽

Age Group ◽

Immunization Program ◽

Conjugate Vaccines ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Central Turkey ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Introduction: The aim of this study was to characterize the serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in central Turkey. Methodology: A total of 332 invasive S. pneumoniae isolates were identified, serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by routine microbiological methods. Results: The most common serogroups/serotypes were 1, 19, 3, 18, 6, 14, and 7 in rank order. Serogroup/serotype coverage of the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, and the 7-, 10-, and 13-valent conjugate vaccines were 96%, 44%, 78.6%, 96.4%, respectively. Overall, 20 (6%) of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, 1 (0.3%) to cefotaxime, 20 (6%) to erythromycin, 13 (4%) to cloramphenicol, and 120 (36%) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole. Among cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolates, 20 (18.5%) were resistant to penicillin (26.3% and 11.5%, respectively, of child and adult meningitis cases; p≥0.05). Conclusions: Although the seven-valent conjugate vaccine is expected to protect less than half of children younger than three years of age, of the incorporation of this vaccine into the routine immunization program of Turkey is advised to continue. However, the 13-valent conjugate vaccine, including serotypes 1, 3, 5, and 7, has the most potential prevent the highest burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases in this age group.

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