Consistent condom utilization and associated factors among HIV positive clients attending ART clinic at Pawi general hospital, North West Ethiopia

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects a highly significant number of people and is responsible for the deaths of many people in sub-Saharan African countries alone. The best prevention method for this virus is through consistent condom utilization which can help to prevent drug-resistant HIV infection and acquisition of new infection. Therefore, this study aimed to assess consistent condom utilization and associated factors among HIV-positive individuals attending an antiretroviral therapy clinic at Pawi general hospital, North West Ethiopia in 2020. Methods An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 419 HIV-positive individuals who have follow-up in the Pawi general hospital antiretroviral therapy clinics, from January to February 2020. The study subjects were reached using a systematic sampling technique and data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were performed using epi-data version 3.1 and SPSS version 23 respectively. Binary and multivariable analyses with a 95% confidence level were performed. In the final model, variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 419 antiretroviral therapy study participants were participated in the study with a response rate of 100%. In this finding, the consistent condom utilization rate was 49.2% [95% CI: 42.2–56.5%]. After controlling for possible confounding factors, the results showed that place of residence [AOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.05, 4.45], marital status [AOR = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.05, 0.67], number of partners [AOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.55] and level of education [AOR = 5.33, 95% CI: 1.57, 18.08] were associated factors of consistent condom utilization. Conclusion Consistent condom utilization among HIV-positive clients attending antiretroviral therapy clinics at Pawi general hospital was low. Residence, marital status, level of education and number of partners were significantly associated factors of consistent condom use. Health education program and counseling services should be started to increase knowledge about way of transmission and appropriate use of condoms, increase self-efficacy towards condom use and reduction in the number of sexual partners.

Do deaths from road traffic injuries follow a classical trimodal pattern in North West Ethiopia? A hospital-based prospective cohort study

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify timing distribution and predictors of deaths following road traffic injuries among all age groups at Gondar Comprehensive specialised hospital.DesignA single-centre prospective cohort study.SettingThe study hospital is a tertiary hospital in North West Ethiopia.ParticipantsWe enrolled 454 participants who sustained road traffic injuries in to the current study. All age groups and injury severity were included except those who arrived dead, had no attendant and when the injury time was unknown.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was time to death measured in hours from injury time up to the 30th day of the injuries. Secondary outcomes were prehospital first aid, length of hospital stay and hospital arrival time. The article has been registered, with a unique identification number of research registry 6556.ResultsA total of 454 victims were followed for 275 534 person hours. There were 80 deaths with an overall incidence of 2.90 deaths per 10 000 person hours of observation (95% CI 2.77 to 3.03). The significant predictors of time to death were being a driver (AHR=2.26; 95% CI 1.09 to 4.65, AR=14.8), accident at interurban roads ((AHR (Adjusted HAzard Ratio=1.98; 95% CI 1.02 to 3.82, AR (Attributable Risk)=21%)), time from injury to hospital arrival (AHR=0.41; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.63; AR=3%), systolic blood pressure on admission of <90 mm Hg (AHR=3.66; 95% CI 2.14 to 6.26; AR=57%), Glasgow Coma Scale of <8 (AHR=7.39; 95% CI 3.0819 to 17.74464; AR=75.7%), head injury with polytrauma (AHR=2.32 (1.12774 4.79; AR=37%) and interaction of distance from hospital with prehospital care.ConclusionThough the maturation of trauma centres in many developed countries has changed the temporal pattern of deaths following any trauma, our study demonstrated that trauma deaths follow the traditional trimodal pattern. That implies that potentially preventable causes of death continued in low-resource countries.

Prevalence and determinants of induced abortion among reproductive-aged women in Aykel town North West, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of induced abortion among women of the reproductive age group in Aykel town North West, Ethiopia. Method: Community based cross-sectional study was employed in Aykel town North West Ethiopia, from August to September 2018. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit a total of 422 reproductive-aged women during the study period. Binary logistic regression model fitted to identify factors associated with induced abortion. Adjusted odds ratio with 95%CI used to explore the strength of association between outcome and independent variables. Result: The prevalence of induced abortion was 14.5% with 95% CI (11.2 to 18.17). Age group of 15-24 years [AOR=3.10, 95%CI (1.116-8.543)], pregnancy status unwanted [AOR=3.1; 95%CI (1.292-7.322], not ever used contraceptive [AOR = 3.96; 95%CI (1.612-9.709)], parity [AOR= 0.37, 95%CI (0.164-0.823)], knowing induce abortion complication [AOR=2.24, 95%CI (1.104-4.551],partner primary educational level [AOR = 3.68, 95%CI (1.082-12.528)] were determinants of induced abortion among reproductive age women. Conclusions: This study revealed that the magnitude of induced abortion was high. Younger age, pregnancy status unwanted, had not ever used contraceptive, knowing induced abortion complication, and partner education level was positively associated with induced abortion. In contrast, parity negatively associated with induced abortion. Therefore, induce abortion intervention like contraception provisions need to focus young age group.

The political-economy of land acquisition and privatization of Birr and Ayehu Farms in Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia

The recognition of commercial agricultural investment led to the expansion of large-scale farms through eviction of farmers during the Derg and Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) regimes. But anti-dispossession voices and investment driven violence have frequently occurred in post-Derg Ethiopia. This study thus attempts to uncover the political-economy of land acquisition and privatization of Birr and Ayehu farms. The necessary data for the study were collected through interview, questionnaire, focused group discussion and document review. The data collected through questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings of the study indicated that the farms were began during the Derg regime as public enterprises, and later privatized to Ethio-Agri-CEFT in a neo-patrimonial modality with a gigantic trend of land acquisition, legal distortion and violation of landholding rights. This poor and neo-patrimonial operation of farms jeopardized local livelihoods, created land use change and evoked stiff public grievance, political upheaval and polarized state–society relations. This indicated that the expansion of farms have brought lopsided development to party affiliated investors by dismantling local livelihoods. Ethio Agri-CEFT thus should respect legal frameworks and adopt inclusive developmental practices for its sustainability and success.

Glaucoma and its predictors among adult patients attending ophthalmic outpatient department: a hospital-based study, North West Ethiopia

Background Nearly 1.9% of global blindness is caused by glaucoma and this is sadly high in Africa which is around 15% and In Ethiopia, glaucoma is responsible for 5.2% of blindness. It is also the fifth cause of blindness in Ethiopia. Scarce information is available regarding glaucoma in Ethiopia; hence we determined the proportion of glaucoma and its associated factors in North West Ethiopia which will be utilized for future related researches and different stakeholders. Methods Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1/2020 to February 30/21 among 258 adults aged 40 and above years old. The participants were selected using the systematic random sampling technique. The data was collected using an interview-administered questionnaire. Binary and Multi-variable logistic regressions were fitted to identify independent predictors of glaucoma. P-value less than 0.05 were used as a cutoff point for declaring statistical significance. Results The prevalence of glaucoma was 66(26%) with a 95% CI of 17.7, 35.4%). Individuals with Positive family history of glaucoma (AOR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.03–3.53), age (AOR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.92–5.99) and elevated intraocular pressure (AOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.45–6.59) were statistically significant contributing factors for the development of glaucoma. Conclusion The study found a relatively high proportion of glaucoma in the study area, which is primarily a disease of the elderly. Age, elevated intraocular pressure, and positive family history of glaucoma was contributing factors for the emergence of glaucoma. Therefore, establishing public awareness programs about the identified risk factors for the prevention and early detection of cases is essential.

Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors among Type 1 Diabetic Children<15 Years Admitted With DKA in Bahir Dar City Public Referral Hospital, North West, Ethiopia: A retrospective Cross Sectional Study

Background: Length of hospital stay and overall in hospital mortality of diabetic keto acidosis during management are the foremost primary out comes that should be measured. Because, it is highly trusted on the improvement of diabetic keto acidosis related complication management. However, data associated to length of stay, mortality rate due to diabetic keto acidosis remains to be limited in Ethiopia.In addition to this, Nonfiction is much scarce in relation to factors associated with treatment outcome starting from its initial presentation and the overall management process. Objective: To assess treatment outcome of children<15 years old admitted with diabetic keto acidosis at Felege Hiwot comprehensive referral hospital, North West, Ethiopia, 2021Methods: Retrospective cross sectional study was conducted at Felege Hiwot comprehensive referral hospital among randomly selected sample of 176 children admitted with diabetic keto acidosis from 2016 to 2021.Data were collected by using data abstraction tool. Then it was coded, enter, cleaned and stored into Epi-data version 4.2 and was exported into STATA 14.0 statistical software for analysis. Categorical variables were described using proportions and compared using Chi-square test; whereas continuous parametric variables with mean and standard deviation and compared using parametric (t-test). Model goodness-of-fit and assumptions were checked. Finally, association between independent variables and length of hospital stay were assessed using binary logistics regression and Variables with p-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Result: The mean length of hospital stay was 9.5±6.2 days. About 59.3% of had long hospital stay (>7days).Majority of the clients (97.5%) were improve and discharged with 14.2% management complication and 4(2.5%) died in the hospital. Factors that affect long hospital stay were residence(AOR=4.31;95CI=1.25-14.80),family history of diabetes (AOR=0.12; 95%CI=0.02-0.64),glycaemia at admission (AOR=1.01;95%CI=1.00-1.02),insulin skipping (AOR=0.08;95%CI=0.01-0.98),abdominal pain(AOR=4.28;95%CI=1.11 -15.52), time in which the patient get out of diabetic keto acidosis(AOR=6.39;95%CI=1.09-37.50).Conclusion and Recommendation: Majority of clients were showed improvement and discharged to their home after longer hospital stay and with very low mortality rate followed by complication (14.2%).The time with in which the majority of the clients get out of DKA were found in between 24-48 hours. Thus, to achieve the intended treatment out come early in time, modification of the approach by emphasizing the above predictors is mandatory with the recommendation of multicenter study in this regard.

Magnitude of Preterm Birth Admissions, Immediate Outcomes And Their Predictors In Debre Markos Referral Hospital, North West, Ethiopia, 2019.

Background: Each year 15 million preterm babies are born. Pre-term birth complications account for 35% of the estimated 3.1 million global neonatal deaths and are the second leading cause of death in children less than 5 years aged.Objective: we assessed the magnitude of preterm birth admissions, immediate outcomes and their predictors in Debre Markos Referral Hospital, North West, Ethiopia, 2019. Methodology: An institutional based retrospective cross- sectional study design was conducted. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done. Variables with p value <0.05 in multivariate analysis were declared as statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. Results: Out of 212 neonates involved in the study, 27.8% were preterm birth admissions. From this 36.3% of neonates was died before discharge. Hypertension during pregnancy was significantly associated with preterm admissions (P= 0.013, AOR= 4.464, 95% CI: (1.375, 14.498)) and being extreme low and very low birth weight (P= 0.005, AOR= 2.107, 95% CI: (0.023, 0.508)), and those preterm babies with low APGAR score (P= 0.016, AOR= 3.113, 95% CI: (0.019, 0.669)) were significantly associated with death before discharge. Conclusion: Preterm admissions accounted for a significant percentage of neonatal admissions with significant death outcomes. Maternal medical problems like hypertension during pregnancy was significantly associated with preterm admissions. Also, preterm babies with extreme low birth weight and very low birth weight, low APGAR score were significantly associated with death outcome. Therefore, strategies should be designed to prevent preterm birth and their complications.